نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1393)

Nowadays، problems of unemployment among youth population and low level of economic growth، shows the importance of investment and particularly research in the field of entrepreneurship. Research on entrepreneurial opportunities recognition، as the first step in entrepreneurship process، is of particular importance. Lack of financial resources، inadequate supportive polices and inadequate infrastructures، make it difficult to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in agriculture sector. This review paper aimed to develop a model for entrepreneurial opportunities recognition in agriculture sector. To develop the model، previous studies on the determinants of entrepreneurial opportunities recognition were investigated، and previous research limitations were considered. In the final model presented in the current paper، personality traits (creativity، self-efficacy and competitiveness)، demographic characteristics (age، education and experience)، social network، knowledge، and institutional environment (cognitive institutions، normative institutions and regulative institutions) directly or indirectly influence entrepreneurial opportunities recognition in agriculture sector.

Women play an important role in promoting employment and society economic recovery. Identity and independence and ensuring the promotion of women''s active participation in various socio-economic issues (especially entrepreneurial activity) is an important factor in motivating women in the productive cycle of the country. Creativity، innovation and entrepreneurship are the main pillars of sustainable development. Entrepreneurs are able to improve their knowledge and capacities of women and empower them to teach the principles of participatory development and foster self-confidence، they provide an effective service. But despite this، the entry of women into the field of entrepreneurship has always been faced with obstacles. Statistics show that less than 10 per cent of women entrepreneurs in the country، and several factors prevent the growth potential in the area of women''s entrepreneurship. According to the present paper has been prepared as an overview، try to entrepreneurial challenges of women in the agricultural sector، to identify and evaluate. The article challenges factors such as individual-personality، academic، familial، economic، cultural، social and environmental challenges as most women are introduced in agricultural entrepreneurship. In this paper، we emphasize the importance of women in the areas of agricultural entrepreneurship، provided appropriate recommendations to improve the situation.

Entrepreneurship has a close relationship with the countries'' socio-economic development and it has today a role as one of the development indicators in developing countries. Evidences show that formal education in our country can not create a suitable context and structure to make expertise and skillful entrepreneurs due to the structural lacks and weaknesses. On the other hand، entrepreneurs and potential and creative manpower will not able to continue their businesses as a lack of effective entrepreneurship education system. Bridging this gap needs an attention to entrepreneurship education. In this vein، Iran''s agricultural education system as the most important factor in making and preparing the skillful manpower in agricultural sector has a very critical role in promoting and improving the entrepreneurship education and trainings. Therefore، entrepreneurship development in agricultural sector can be as one of the best choices both to improve agricultural businesses and to stimulate value added of exporting the agricultural products to other countries. This strategy can be replaced from the strategy of relying on oil export to incomes from agricultural productions'' exports. For this reason the current paper has an aim to study the emergence of entrepreneurship education in agricultural sector by a library research. Finally from the results it can be recommended that agricultural entrepreneurship education programs in both long term and short term programs should be developed in technical and vocational educational institutes especially in applied-scientific and skill-based ones.

High rates of youth unemployment represent a lost opportunity for critical national and global economic development. Unemployment in youth has been shown to have lifelong effects on income and employment stability. In this regards، increasing rate of unemployment among the graduates of Iranian higher education system، particularly the graduates of agricultural colleges has been developed into one of the major socio- economic problems of the nation. Considering the importance of entrepreneurship and its promotion in job related competencies of graduates the present review- analytical study was conducted to designing a conceptual model for promoting entrepreneurship among agricultural students in the higher agricultural education systems. In this regards، this article discusses on the entrepreneurship concept، promoting entrepreneurship and the models of promoting entrepreneurship; designed a conceptual model for promoting entrepreneurship among agricultural students in the higher agricultural education systems. Based on the designed conceptual model، for the promoting entrepreneurship among agricultural students should be focused on the exogenous factors (human، cultural، social، contextual and demography factors) and motivational factors (attitude toward entrepreneurship، subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) in the higher agricultural education systems. The finding of this study can contribute to the promoting entrepreneurship among agricultural students for planner’s higher agricultural education system.

Agri-tourism entrepreneurship has received increasing attention in recent years as it has been widely promoted both in developed and developing countries. Many scholars argue that agri-tourism entrepreneurship can play a significant role as a new strategy for sustainable agricultural and rural development. Indeed، agri-tourism entrepreneurship can deliver several benefits in the three dimensions of sustainability. Within the economic dimension، agri-tourism can be considered as an agricultural diversification strategy. It can provide a supplementary income and new employment opportunities to rural communities; therefore، it can reduce poverty، unemployment، and immigration in rural areas. From the environmental perspective، agri-tourism can contribute to the conservation of the environment، ecosystems and farm lands and minimize environmental damage and agricultural contaminations. From the socio-cultural perspective، agri-tourism helps preserve rural cultural heritage، improve farmers'' social status، and empower female farmers. These benefits and positive effects of agri-tourism can accelerate the process of agricultural and rural development. However، several common challenges frequently hamper the development of agri-tourism، including planning problems، lack of financial and human resources، lack of relevant training and education، and lack of professionalism. Government institutions should increasingly encourage and promote agri-tourism in rural areas. This study is a descriptive and library research and its aim is to review the concept، principles of agri-tourism entrepreneurship، explain its benefits for sustainable rural development and state challenges facing agri-tourism. The paper finally presents some suggestions to overcome the challenges.

Entrepreneurship as a strategy for developing countries، creating jobs and prosperity، identifying opportunities and increase production counts، Because it demands innovation for new products and services that previously did not exist and thus brings about the new product will increase and increase employment and improve the living conditions of the population. As the statistics show that in developed countries and developing the SME share in GDP are significant. If the United States for more than half of GDP and exports are done by SME''s. Today، organizations and governments to make entrepreneurship more important and economic prosperity depends on the development of entrepreneurial know. Thus، given that entrepreneurship is a key factor in the economic development of a society is considered، the purpose of this paper is a brief review of the concepts of entrepreneurship and economic development، with emphasis on the role of entrepreneurship in economic development using the model proposed by Toma et al. On some of the main factors involved in the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development emphasizes. The model is presented in the paper، to achieve sustainable economic development in the community to create entrepreneurial activities and for such activities should be educated، entrepreneurial tradition، we use the following construction and government support to achieve economic development.

Agriculture has a great potential in Iran''s economy as well as significant number of unemployed status of the country. Although agriculture proved to have high potential in countries'' economy، lack of opportunity recognition abilities among individuals has failed to identify opportunities in agricultural sector which in turn led to increased unemployment and decreased share of agriculture in employment. Opportunity recognition has long been accepted as a key aspect of the entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurial opportunities – understood as positive and favorable circumstances leading to entrepreneurial action – play a central role in the entrepreneurship literature. Opportunity recognition is a dynamic process. In the last three decades، research studies investigating how individuals recognize entrepreneurial opportunities have advanced rapidly and have become a key topic in the modern entrepreneurship literature. The ability of an entrepreneur to recognize opportunityin agricultural sector is affected and restricted by several factors. Therefore، this review analytical study attempts to overcome this challenge by presenting a conceptual framework to enhance agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity recognition among individuals. Review of related literature showed that direct and indirect factors influence agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. These factors are: human capital، social capital، social skills، entrepreneurial alertness، environmental factors، constant opportunity seeking، and psychological characteristics. The result of this study has implications for agricultural policy-makers as well as entrepreneurial education curriculum.