International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

Loss of interest in usual activities, dysphoric mood, and other psychiatric signs and symptoms are defined as depression, which has a strong association with many diseases and increases mortality rates. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of MDD has been determined to be 15%-25%. Recent epidemiologic studies have indicated that depression and its side effects are increasing in different societies. Drugs commonly prescribed for the management of depression include: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors (MAOI). Many new drugs have recently been approved, such as Nefazodone and Bupropion... (Read more...)

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. It has been expected that the burden of cancer has increased due to population growth and aging and lifestyle behaviors. Thus, cancer screening guidelines have developed to prevent mortality and adverse effects of late detection of cancers. In this study, screening guidelines of major cancers have been reviewed and discussed.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The incidence and mortality of cancer is expected to grow rapidly. In Iran cancer morbidity and mortality are gradually changing as a result of economic, demographic and epidemiological transition. Common cancers, such as breast, prostate, colorectal and stomach have different rates of morbidity and mortality in advanced countries and also in Iran. This differentiation has been attributed to prevention measures and activities to control cancer. Cancer prevention and control is one of the most important scientific and public health challenges of this era. A comprehensive cancer control program suggests various ways to control cancer and implements those that are the most cost-effective and beneficial for the largest part of the Iranian population. Thus, it is suggested that a cancer prevention program in three levels of prevention is conducted. The goal of primary prevention is controlling of cancer causes which will be done by preventing human exposure to the risk factors of cancer. Secondary prevention includes early detection of cancer based on the screening program and an effective and timely treatment. Tertiary prevention includes Palliative care to improve the quality of life of patients and their families facing these problems. Considering the existing facilities and the breadth of the primary health care network and human resources and scientific support, a comprehensive cancer control program must be integrated into the primary healthcare network in Iran.

Sexual dysfunction, specifically erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), and delayed ejaculation (DE), are debilitating diseases, especially in young men. The past decade has seen an increase in the number of young men (under 40 years of age) presenting to their physician with sexual dysfunction. Traditionally, sexual dysfunction in young men was viewed as a strictly psychosomatic problem stemming from underlying psychogenic causes such as anxiety or insecurity. While this is true in some cases, the advent of new diagnostic tools and pharmacotherapy have revealed that the prevalence of organic causes for these diseases is much higher than previously thought. In reality, many patients present with primarily organic sexual dysfunction that then triggers concomitant psychogenic stressors such as anxiety and depression which exacerbate their problem. This review focuses on the common etiologies of sexual dysfunction experienced by young men in order to help educate clinicians so that they may better understand, identify, and serve this growing patient population.

Synthetic dyes are increasingly used in industries such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, textiles, paper, cosmetics, leather, photography, food, etc. These compounds have severe environmental effects; most are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. In addition, they are usually resistant to degradation, and decolorizing them by physical or chemical methods, such as surface absorption, sedimentation, chemical analysis, light analysis, etc., requires substantial amounts of money, time, and energy. At the moment, the attention of most researchers in this field is focused on microorganisms with the ability to remove dyes from color materials. Innovative processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater which contains heavy metals and dyes are often used to reduce environmental pollution and the toxicity of these pollutants to cause the wastewater to meet purification standards. Research has shown that microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeasts can play an important role in decolorizing wastewater. The purpose of this paper is to review the causes of contamination and the role of fungi in decolorizing industrial wastewater.

Oral cancer survival rates are strongly dependent upon the stage in which the diagnosis is being made. Patients diagnosed with oral cancer within the localized stage have a substantially greater chance of successful treatment, and there is a greater chance of morbidity if the patient is diagnosed with cancer in later stages. Successful early detection symbolizes one of the superlative techniques which would eventually increase the oral cancer survival rate and quality of life worldwide. This study aimed to illustrate and provide awareness of current trends and recent advances in early diagnostic tools of oral cancer and to differentiate the validity of diverse initial detection methods.
This research is a systematic review. The evaluation was confined to articles published in the past 15 years (i.e. 1999-2016). Searches were conducted both manually and electronically. A “manual exploration” was made by methodically examining key journals available in the library of the institution; documents and data were retrieved from the online databases PubMed and Google Scholar.
In total, 19 articles were reviewed.
Oral cancer detection techniques can provide real-time diagnoses and are non-invasive. At present, large multicenter trials are necessary to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these individual and combined techniques and to evaluate and develop their ability to detect and manage potentially malignant and malicious oral lesions.