فصلنامه پژوهش در بهداشت محیط
سال چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1397)

With the development of coastal industries and cities, aquatic ecosystems and organisms are exposed to contaminants, especially heavy metals. Heavy metals accumulate in aquatic tissues and eventually enter the food chain and human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of Lead, Cadmium and Zinc in muscle of two fish species (Cicharhinus limbatus) and (Epinephelus coioides) from the Persian Gulf.
For this purpose, 15 samples of muscle were harvested from each fish, and by wet digestion method, the concentration of Lead, Cadmium and Zinc were measured by atomic absorption device.
The mean concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium were 5.55, 8.40, 0.202 mg/kg and 14.9, 13.54, 277.0 mg/kg, in Cicharhinus limbatus and Epinephelus coioides respectively. The mean concentration of lead in both fish is higher than the WHO standard.
The HI index for Cicharhinus limbatus and Epinephelus coioides is less than 1, so the absorption of these metal do not threaten by consumers. However, the condition factor for Cicharhinus limbatus and Epinephelus coioides are not within the standard range and indicate the inappropriate conditions of this habitat for aquatic health and environmental stresses.

In recent decades, industrial, agricultural and urban activities have caused pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants which directly or indirectly affects humans and animals lives. Nowadays, pollutant accumulation in most agricultural products is much higher than the permissible limit due to the excessive use of fertilizers.
In this study, the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals were investigated in different organs of rats under various nutritional conditions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with greenhouse strawberry treatments in three groups. Different groups of rats (27 rats) were fed strawberries infected with heavy metals by oral gavage within a three-month period.Regarding the average weight of rats, 0.5 gram of fresh strawberry was considered for each rat.
Results showed that the concentration of studied heavy metals in the strawberries were 7.7, 26 and 3.2 mg / kg for cadmium, lead and copper respectively, which were higher than Iranian standard level. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between the different organs in the intake of the heavy metals, so that in the infected treatment, the most and lowest amounts of cadmium were in the kidney (0.41 g / day) and the brain (0.24 g / day), respectively. Heavy metals caused reduction in the rate of weight gain of rats. The accumulation of these elements were higher in the kidney, liver and pancreas than other organs. The least accumulation of heavy metals was related to the rat’s brain, while highest amount of the heavy metals accumulation was in the kidney

Drinking water pollution is a serious threat for public water supply. Water disinfection has a very important role in the reduction of pathogenic microorganism. Water electrodisinfection is an efficient and cost-effective method in water disinfection. The aim of this study was the survey of inactivation in two types bacteria (as index and resistant) by electrochemical process in the presence of supporting electrolytes.
Inactivation of E.Coli and Bacillus subtilis spore was studied at current intensity of 500mA, while each of supporting electrolytes was present alone. The type of electrodes were steel and the distance between electrodes was 2cm. Furthermore, the tests carried out in monopolar mode Fe-Fe, neutral pH and experimental temperature (21o c). The number of bacteria, amount of supporting electrolyte, voltage, and electrochemical action time were investigated.
Adding the supporting electrolytes to the electrochemical disinfection, decreased bacterial resistance. Copper iodide (CuI) on 2 mg/L conc. showed more effective in bacterial inactivation.
Supporting electrolyte CuI founded decrease on ionic transmission rate and promotion voltage current, decreases electrochemical inactivation time and increases bactericidal effect

The lack of suitable landfill for burial and maintenance of garbage in different parts of Guilan has not only eliminated forest hectares and agricultural land, but also left public health at serious risk. The Langroud County is also not safe from the consequences of garbage as a tourist destination of Guilan province, despite the abundant bay areas in the mountains, the beautiful Chamkhala Beach on the Caspian Sea and the dense forests. Therefore, in this research, we tried to locate the new susceptible areas of municipal sanitary landfill, taking into account environmental standards in Langroud County.
In this research, 20 criteria were used in accordance with the standards of the Iranian Environmental Protection Agency, the Alberta State Environmental Authority of Canada, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the British Columbia Environmental Ministry as criteria for locating. TOPSIS method was used in combining the criteria maps in ArcGIS software environment.
After passing TOPSIS and combining the layers obtained in the ArcGIS software environment, the final map of urban landfill location within the study area was classified into five classes (very weak, weak, moderate, good and excellent).
Based on the results, five prestigious areas in the south and southwest of the city with the highest degree of fit and excellent grade, are proposed as new areas of urban waste disposal for the city of Langroud

Over the last several decades, huge amounts of different kinds of waste have been produced by human activities and alterations in man’s lifestyle and consumption patterns. Medical sciences are among the world’s top advanced professional sections. However, it seems that a portion of the production residues in medical units called "special wastes" or "clinical wastes", especially in developing countries, have not been taken seriously. This study examined the Waste Management assessment in educational hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 12 educational hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. First, a questionnaire was designed and its validity approved. Then the required data was gathered during visits to participating hospitals. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16.
Findings showed that the daily production of infectious and sharps wastes in the studied hospitals generally equaled 3387 kg. All hospitals were equipped with non-incineration systems; however, only 83.3% of them were active. Some infectious waste was disposed of along with urban wastes without being sterilized.
Overall, waste management in hospitals was relatively appropriate, but due to the importance of the issue, in some cases is needed to more attention.
Document Type: Research Articl

Background and Nitrate, nitrite and other physicochemical parameters of the pollutants of groundwater resources which are mainly associated with agricultural and wastewater disposal areas. The aim of this study was to determine these parameters in drinking groundwater resource of Saveh city using Geographic Information System during the year of 2018 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer.
In this descriptive cross - sectional study, data including temperature, Nitrate, Nitrite, pH, TDS, Total hardness, Fluoride, Ammonium, Sulfate, Chloride, and Sodium’s monitoring in Saveh during the year of 2018. Monthly concentrations of these parameters were calculated, and then relationships between pollutants and region’s aquifer analyzed by GIS software version 9.3. Also, the Inverse Distance Wighted (IDW) method was used to estimate the conditions of the whole region.
Findings: The average concentration of chlorine, sulfate, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness and sodium exceeds the permissible limits, and the non-qualitative water conditions are quite evident. Also, the amount of two magnesium and sulfate synergist ions that in their 1053 standard should not exceed 250 and 30 mg/l respectively, but unfortunately did not conform to this standard. It should be kept in mind that the high level of these two ions simultaneously can disrupt the harshness. Fluoride and nitrate levels were also acceptable range in all areas.
The highest deviation level from 1053 standard was for total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. It is better to consider a comprehensive program to solve the problem, including use of nanotechnology, filtering or ion exchange

Fluoride is one of the 14 essential elements for organisms. Since the body's greatest need for fluorine should be supplied through drinking water, determination of the amount of fluoride in drinking water has great importance. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of fluoride in sources of drinking water in urban and rural areas of Neyshabur in 2017 and compare it with existing standards.
This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study which conducted on urban and rural drinking water sources in Neyshabur. Total of 100 water samples were collected randomly from different sources in Neyshabur. The collected samples were then transferred to the Neyshabur Water and Wastewater Laboratory and the fluoride ion was obtained using a spectrophotometer DR 2000 at 580 nm.
The average concentration of fluorine in rural resources was estimated in wells (0.567± 0.12 mg / l) and in springs (0.69 ± 0.13 mg / l). The average concentration of fluorine in plain areas (0.662 ± 0.14 mg / l) was higher than mountainous areas (0.505 ± 0. 2 mg / l). The average concentration of fluorine in urban resources in urban wells (0.602 ± 0.034 mg / l) and in urban reservoirs (0.597 ± 0.030 mg / L) and in the network (0.595±0.039 mg /l).
The average concentration of fluorine in some water sources was lower than the standard level. Therefore, more study is needed to evaluate the daily fluoride intake in a variety of ways, and if the fluoride intake is less than standard level, adjustment of fluoride in water sources is necessary for dental health