ادب نامه تطبیقی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Youth and old age are among themes adopted everywhere and at all times by poets, who have written poems on them from their own perspective. The renowned Arab poet IbnMutazz and prominent Iranian poet Saadi are two poets who from a particular, though close, standpoint addressed the themes in their poems. Despite living in two different worlds, they presented a similar picture of youth and old age in their poetry. The present paper tries to provide a comparative study of Saadi’s and IbnMutazz’s opinion about youth and old age, using a descriptive-analytical method based on the American approach. The findings suggest both poets describe youth as a period of frivolity, pleasure and luxury, strength and exuberance, while old age is on one hand a period of physical weakness, frailty and loss of physical power and on the other, a period of piety, rejection of pleasures and increased prudence and knowledge, which ultimately ends in death.

The literature of resistance is considered the potent voice of the oppressed nations against the arrogance and the oppressing rulers as portrayed by poets in their poems. Among others, Abolqasem Aref Qazvini and MaroofRasafi are two such poets in contemporary Iranian and Iraqi literary scene. The literature of resistance themes are prominently featured in their political-social poems. Therefore, it is important and even quite necessary to study political-social themes present in their poetry. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to explore manifestations of resistance in poems by AbolqasemArefQazvini and Maroof Rasafi in order to answer the following questions: what shared themes and elements of resistance can be seen in poems by ArefQazvini and MaroofRasafi? What are their poetic features as far as the literature of resistance is concerned? AbolqasemArefQazvini and MaroofRasafi are among renowned Iranian and Iraqi poets who have devoted their poems to serving their homeland, thus earning a reputation as committed poets of literature of resistance. Employing simple and occasionally outspoken language, they point to many elements of the literature of resistance, the most important of which include defending homeland, fighting arrogance, call for unity and avoiding division, complaining about the oppression of rulers, call for the awakening of the Islamic Ummah and other political-social issues mentioned in the paper.

In the middle of the historic resourc e¡ shouldn’t forget importanc e of literaries that in addition to have report of historic events ¡ did intellectual thoughts that it ‘s possitive effect on human life and correction of people‘s personality is undeniable. Beyhaqi‘s history is one of the dearest literaries that have big sowing form Amsal va Hekam and it ‘s writer tried to put his literary for humans illumination with exploitation from wisdoms in the end of the historic events.
In Beyhaqi ‘s history ¡ high frequency of Arabic words in advices is one of the most important investigatable characteristic that it is the result of writer attention to Arabic advices and proverb.After investigation Beyhaqi ‘s purpose for bring moral philosophy and their analysis and classification¡ this essay has a descriptive – analytie procedure that it tried to adapt these philosophies with Arabic and Persian proverbs because it wanted to evoke Beyhaqi ‘s domination On Persian and Arabic language. in addition ¡his try for employ his polite for humans personality growth and lead them to idealism .
In order for this direction to be leveled for the neat research ¡in the hope of signing his result for literary- moral value in this area.

Previous studies proved NizamiGanjavi was influenced by his native language and culture as seen in his Haft Paykar and Khosrow o Shirin. Now this question comes up: is Nizami influenced also in his Sharaf-Namehby his native tongue and culture? This is what the present study intends to answer. To his end, a library-based study was carried out on the vocabulary, phrases and expressions related to Nizami’s native language and culture, using a descriptive and content-based analysis. The findings suggest Nizami is also influenced by his native language and culture in Sharaf-Nameh. Familiarity with his native language and culture can help eliminate misunderstandings with regard to vocabulary and expressions originating from the poet’s mother tongue and help gain a better understanding of his language and mind, while promoting cultural relations between the Kurdish and Persian speakers.

Comparative literature is considered an emerging branch of literary studies in which the similarities and dissimilarities in the thought patterns of writers and opinion makers from various nations are put to critical analysis. Apt to comparative literary studies, pride enjoys a special status with regard to common historical and cultural links in the Arabic and Kurdish literature. Since the comparative study of literature as a literary and critical standpoint transcends linguistic and cultural boundaries of nations, giving rise to studies of the links and mutual influences of languages and literature of various nations, the present study tries to examine the concept of literary pride, its manifestations and types in the collected works of two renowned Kurdish and Arab poets, Nali and Mutanabbi, using a descriptive-analytical way and the American theory in comparative literature. Both Nali and Mutanabbi have beautiful poems in this field. This study suggests that boasting about literary and poetic prowess is among the outstanding examples of their pride. Still, when boasting about his poetry, Mutanabbi uses language which tends to become sardonic and pejorative at times as he refuses to mention poets by their name, while Nali uses more modest language, considering he occasionally equal to some great Iranian poets.

A key theme in poems by contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, patriotism or love for the homeland is an honor of man over the course of history. Nationalist Palestinian and Iranian poets EbrahimTooqan and Tahereh Safarzadeh are among such poets whose patriotic love can be vividly seen in every part of their poetry. Represented by the name of Palestine and Iran, their poems are considered part of the poetry of resistance in the world. Their poems share themes such as patriotism, freedom and justice, praise for heroes and martyrs of the homeland, call for struggle for the homeland and creating hope for a brilliant future for the homeland. In expressing love for their homeland, the two poets have used symbols and myths to refer to enemies and colonialists of their homeland, pushing their people to put up resistance against injustices of the oppressing rulers of the time. However, symbols and myths are highlighted more prominently and concretely in poems by Safarzadeh than EbrahimTooqan. The present paper intends to look at patriotic love in their poetry, examining shared political and social themes related to patriotism through examples.