Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Jun 2017

Bone hardness and strength depends on mineralization, which involves a complex process in which calcium phosphate, produced by bone-forming cells, was shed around the fibrous matrix. This process is strictly regulated, and a number of signal transduction systems were interested in calcium metabolism, such as the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway and related phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes.
Our aim was to search for common patterns of expression in osteoblasts, as well as in ES and SS.
We analysed the PLC enzymes in human osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63 and SaOS-2. We compared the obtained results to the expression of PLCs in samples of patients affected with Ewing sarcoma (ES) and synovial sarcoma (SS).
In osteoblasts, MG-63 cells and SaOS-2 significant differences were identified in the expression of PLC δ4 and PLC η subfamily isoforms. Differences were also identified regarding the expression of PLCs in ES and SS. Most ES and SS did not express PLCB1, which was expressed in most osteoblasts, MG-63 and SaOS-2 cells. Conversely, PLCB2, unexpressed in the cell lines, was expressed in some ES and SS. However, PLCH1 was expressed in SaOS-2 and inconstantly expressed in osteoblasts, while it was expressed in ES and unexpressed in SS. The most relevant difference observed in ES compared to SS regarded PLC ε and PLC η isoforms.
MG-63 and SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cell lines might represent an inappropriate experimental model for studies about the analysis of signal transduction in osteoblasts

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) releases nitric oxide which has signaling role. This study was conducted to understand the role of low concentration of SNP on viability, proliferation and biochemical properties of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
MSCs were used to evaluate the viability and morphology in presence of SNP (1 to 100 µM) at 12, 24 and 36 hours. Then 10, 50 and 100 µM of SNP as well as 24 hours were selected for further study. Cell proliferation was investigated by colony forming assay and population doubling number (PDN). Calcium (Ca2) potassium (K) and sodium (Na) level as well as activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured.
The MSCs viability increased when treatment with 1 and 10 µM at all the treatment periods while 90 and 100 µM caused significant reduction after 24 and 36 hours. Also 10 µM caused elevation whereas 50 and 100 µM showed reduction of proliferation ability. We observed morphological changes and significant reduction of all the investigated enzymes with 100 µM. Activity of ALT and AST were elevated with 10 µM after 24 hours, whereas LDH and ALP activities were not changed. Na, K and Ca2 was not changed due to 10 and 50 µM treatments, whereas 100 µM only elevated the level of calcium and sodium ions.
Low concentration of SNP caused increase of viability and proliferation due to metabolic activity elevation. But the high concentration of SNP induced cell viability and proliferation reduction caused by metabolic and ionic imbalance as well as infrastructure alteration.

Herbal medicine is used in all parts of the world mainly for prevention and treatment of various disorders due to better cultural suitability, lower cost and less side effects.
The aim of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic and kidney-protective effects of the aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum and Cinnamon on diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, rats were randomly divided into 6 groups as follows: Group 1: control group in which animals received chow diet, group 2: diabetic rats, group 3: diabetic rat 2% T. foenum extract (w/w), group 4: diabetic rat 8% of Trigonella foenum extract (w/w), group 5: diabetic rat 2% Cinnamon extract (w/w) and group 6: diabetic rat 8% of Cinnamon extract (w/w). Aqueous extract of T. foenum leaves and Cinnamon were administered to diabetic rats for 4 weeks. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total antioxidant capacity were also measured in kidney of the animals. In addition, morphological changes of the kidney were also analyzed by the light microscope.
Trigonella foenum and Cinnamon extract in diabetic animals significantly reduced MDA levels and restored antioxidant capacity (P The findings of this experiment showed that T. foenum extract and Cinnamon restored antioxidant capacity and structural changes of kidney.

Several studies have shown association of fatty acids with type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as metformin effects on blood glucose concentrations through affecting lipid metabolism. Since the exact therapeutic mechanism of metformin is not clear, in this study we investigated effects of different doses of metformin on serum fatty acids in rats with T2D.
Twenty-five adult albino male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: Healthy, untreated T2D, and T2D rats receiving metformin for 4 weeks with doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg/d. Serum insulin and triglyceride (TG) were measured using commercial kits. Serum total lipids were extracted by the Bligh-Dyer method and then compositions of fatty acids were evaluated using gas chromatograph.
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels in T2D rats were lower than those in healthy rats (P Our study showed that different doses of metformin could have different effects on serum levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as 200 mg/kg/d of metformin could increase and decrease saturated and unsaturated fatty acids respectively, while lower doses increased unsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid.

Based on clinical studies, low adiponectin and high tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are associated with obesity and related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of an aerobic training program on adiponectin, TNF-α, and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in adult obese men.
Patients and For this purpose, 24 sedentary adult obese men matched for age (38 ± 3.23 years) and body mass index (31.94 ± 3.26 kg/m2 ) were selected and divided into exercise (aerobic training) and control groups. Exercise subjects participated in an aerobic exercise training intervention for 12 weeks (3 times/week) and the control group did not participate in aerobic intervention. Anthropometric and biochemical data including fasting serum adiponectin, TNF-α, and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio were measured before and after aerobic training for each participant in each group. Data were analyzed by both independent and paired sample t test.
Compared to pre-training, fasting serum adiponectin decreased significantly (P = .019), but serum TNF-α was not changed by aerobic training (P = .057). A significant increase was observed in adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in exercise subjects after aerobic training (P = .008).
Based on these data, we conclude that aerobic training intervention is associated with improved inflammatory profile in obese subjects.

Metals like copper, iron and zinc have been suggested to modulate free radical generation and carcinogenesis. In lieu of these observations, estimation of these metals is vital and most studies have been with the blood.
In the present study we estimated the levels of these metals in both serum and saliva of the head and neck (H&N) cancer patients and compared it with healthy age-matched control group. A correlation between the levels of these metals in the serum and saliva of respective H&N cancer patient was also assessed.
The subjects of this study were the clinically confirmed cases of H&N cancers visiting the Oncology Department of Medical College Hospital for treatment. Age and sex-matched healthy individuals were included as control group. The levels of iron, copper and zinc were estimated in whole saliva and serum by standard spectrophotometric methods.
When compared to the controls, the levels of iron and copper were higher in serum and saliva was high in the H&N cancer patients and statically significant (P=.0002 to P=.0001). On the contrary, there was a decrease in the levels of zinc but was not significant. There was significant correlation between serum and saliva with respect to the levels of iron, copper and zinc in H&N cancer patients and was statically significant (P=.0001).
The findings of this study indicated the role of metals in etiopathogenesis of H&N cancer. An assessment of the levels of metals in cancer patients might have prognostic and therapeutic implications. This study observed a significant positive correlation between serum and saliva which will go a long way in establishing saliva as a diagnostic tool complimentary to blood.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a set of peptides, enzymes, and receptors specially involved in the control of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure (BP); however, some of its components have already been identified in the testis, such as angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, and renin.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether renin-angiotensin system blockers have effects on the testicular morphology of animals fed a high energy density (HED) diet.
Male C57BL/6 mice were fed initially a standard chow (SC) or a HED diet. After 8 weeks, HED animals were randomized into 4 groups, each group receiving one of the following treatments for the next 6 weeks: HED-A: aliskiren (50 mg/kg/d); HED-E: enalapril (30 mg/kg/d); HED-L: losartan (10 mg/kg/d); and untreated HED group. The BP was measured biweekly. At the end of treatment, all animals were killed and the testes were processed for morphometric and stereological parameters including density of seminiferous tubules per area, density of length and the total length of the seminiferous tubules, height of the epithelium, and diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Samples were tested for their homoscedasticity and the differences between the groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Holm-Sidak post-test. In all cases, the significance level adopted was P ≤ .05.
Compared to SC, HED groups presented an increase in BP, normalized by all RAS blockers. However, the HED diet caused testis alterations that were not affected by aliskiren or losartan. Only enalapril maleate was capable of reversing such alterations.
Further studies are still needed to answer why only enalapril was able to reveal the morphological changes caused by the high energy diet; so enalapril could be suggested as the drug of choice for patients with previous reproductive dysfunction.

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide and is the most appropriate one used widely in the world. Organophosphate insecticides cause a specific biochemical defect in the body. A major cause of this wastage is inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme.
This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of the pesticide malathion which inhibited 50% of ChE enzyme.
An experimental study was conducted on 18 male rats weighing 180-250 g. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. The Ellman method was used to measure the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity. Doses 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of pesticide malathion was tested on rats to determine the dose of the pesticide malathion with 50% inhibition of the ChE enzyme, at 24, 48, and 72 hours. According to these data, Emax model was fitted, then the median effective doses of the pesticide malathion were estimated at different time intervals, separately.
Based on the reduction Emax model, the optimal dose 29.14 mg/kg was determined at 72 time point.
Using the mixed effect Emax model instead of the multiple comparison methods, such analysis of variance was suggested to determine the optimal dose of organophosphates such as malathion, which provide more accurate results.