نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1393)

The aim of this research is to examine the impact of order and security, in fact disorder and insecurity, on emerge and evolution of the theories of kingdom institution in the Middle Ages. As the result of nomads’ domination on urban political system, an era of disorder emerged in Iran culminating in evolution of some theories provided by scholars and thinkers which reinforced the kingdom system. This research tries to answer the question that how insecurity and seeking order and security have affected the evolution of theorizing kingdom institution and how the theoreticians of this era have justified the institution yielded from disorder of Middle Ages for achieving the desirable order. The findings of this research conducted by historical explanation method indicate that as the result of insecurity and for escaping the anarchy yielded by nomadic political structure domination on urban system, an order was designed by the theoreticians of this era for the kings coordinated with “cosmic order” establishing the foundations of “Sultanate system”.

Spontaneously with the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Gendarmerie of the Islamic Republic of Iran in cooperation with the Committee of the Islamic Revolution and police force played its important and revolutionary role in the security of cities, villages and especially the borders in accordance to Imam Khomeini’s command. This article will try to explore the position of Ilam Province gendarmerie in the Sacred Defense according to the interviews and resources, and will try to answer this question: Did these forces play any role in the Sacred Defense in cooperation with other forces? The findings indicated that the forces of Ilam Province gendarmerie had defended the country’s borders from Maymak to Moseyan against the Iraq aggressive Baath Army, ear cutters (Forsan Group) and People's Mojahedin Organization (Hypocrites) and by participating in some important operations with the least military equipment but with self-sacrifice resisted against the Iraq aggressive army. Some of Ilam Province gendarmerie personnel are among martyrs, veterans and freedmen.

Although until several decades ago, the separation of sciences and lack of interdisciplinary studies have been the mainstream in social sciences and humanities, especially economics, but in the recent decades, methodology has shown the weakness of this approach to some extent and it is replaced with interdisciplinary studies and education. Undoubtedly, economics and history are two fields that require interdisciplinary studies the most in order to be effective. These historical interdisciplinary studies can be considered as prerequisite and necessity in defining Islamic-Iranian progress pattern. It seems that First World War era is a part of security and economic history during which these factors had the most impact on each other. Defining the relationship between change in economic indices due to change in security indices is the main problem of the paper that attempted to be answered by library method and reference to historical resources – analytical and descriptive method. The findings indicate a strong relationship between these two sets of variables. It although shows that any sort of neglect or fault in security of the country and its policy-making will result in non-compensable losses.

abor movements have a long precedence in the world. The birth of social movements’ literature began with labor movements. In Iran, these movements were mainly affected by expanding relations with the West, triumph of the Constitutional Revolution and particularly the October Revolution in Russia. The nature and goals were different in the Reza Shah and Shah era. In these three eras, the controlling policies were different. By adopting historical method and using historical resources, this article deals with ups and downs of labor movement in the three eras of contemporary history. The results indicate that labor strikes and demonstrations at the start of the Constitutional Revolution were temporary and transitive, aiming at immediate demands and short-term goals. Due to this reason, after realizing some parts of their demands or being suppressed by state forces, the workers were not prepared for continuing organized struggle. In Reza Shah’s era, relative liberty was provided in the first period but after seizing power, the government fully suppressed these movements. The Shah practical policy regarding labor issues was that if they did not create political troubles and in return, the state provided welfare for them and executed welfare regulations and economic rules. The Shah’s government immensely controlled organizations and trade unions through its security agency, namely SAVAK.

Human being is a social creature and his collective life endurance requires considering order and accepting legal and ethical frameworks. In this regard, the interest contrasts and possible differences among human beings in social life makes social control an inevitable issue. Thus it seems essential to propound thinkers’ viewpoints in this regard and reflecting on them in order to reach a desirable order in social life. In this direction, the present article raises the question: How have Khajeh Nasir’s spiritual approach and his concern for justice and ethics affected his attitude towards social security and establishing better social control? The findings indicate that as a Shiite sage and theologian, Khajeh Nasir Tusi tried to propound more positive solutions such as education and nurturing in family and society, emphasizing nurturing moral virtues and struggling against moral rascality, attention to the role of state and social institutions in creating a secure environment in society and finally concern for economic issues and the necessity of solving financial problems of people in order to raise the necessity of social control. He has a comprehensive and applied approach towards the issue.

The foundational precepts of modern police professionalism were laid down by the establishment of London Metropolitan Police in 1829 under Sir Robert Peel. During his commission, Peel introduced organizational principles that were gradually applied to Anglo-American policing that, in conjunction with the larger democratization processes, transformed western policing from its traditional Praetorian Guards functionality to much more neutral law enforcer professionalism. Applying this rationale to the case of Iran, this paper posits that Iran’s National Police were modernized in form rather than in content under the monarchy. In order to transform Iranian policing to western professionalism stature, Iran’s National Police must be democratized.