نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 16 (بهار 1397)

Kermanshahan was considered as one of the frontiers in Iran since the Sufi period. As it was located in the boundary of Usmani ,it was very important for central government. The central government pillars tried to maintain Kermanshahan discipline . The main players of this state were tribes and clans until the formation of the central government. The army in the region was dependent on the tribes exclusively. This effectiveness of the army demanded more efforts. One of the main factors of the military force's effectiveness during the historical periods was their disciplined and on_ time payments. As most of the troops in Iran came from the tribes .When the situation of the region was stable, the delayed payments didn't cause a significant challenge for the central government, because the leaders of the military forces were just the leaders of the tribes and the social structure of the tribes didn't allow them to complaint, but during the unstable situation this took another form completely. The only thing which kept the army obedient was the orderly and on_ time payment; thus this research investigates the challenges of the army payments in Kermanshahan and it's consequences. The research method is analytical _descriptive and data was collected using library _predicative method. Finally according to the obtained results from the resources and documents it has been concluded. The research results indicate that there was no equal and ordered rule for army payments and also a meaningful difference was observed between the troops and officer payments. Nevertheless as the officers were just the leaders of the tribes, the delay in the payments didn't allow them to complaint, but this showed itself in different forms during the political instabilities.

The Iranian garden is one of the oldest and most important gardens in the world. Basically, Iranians created earthy heaven(garden) in different regions by a picture they had in their minds due to their religious views,an example of which is Behshahr from Tabarestan state. Behshahr was located at the most eastern part of Mazandaran and from the sought it was confined to Alborz mountains and Hezarjarib area_which is a part of Behshahr . The mild Khazari weather in Behshahr led to the interest of Safavi kings to build gardens within it.The present study 's problem is : the factors of security in Behshahr's historical gardens during Safavi were a function of which variables? The research method is historical (inductive) and it's formulation is analytical _descriptive. Data were extracted in a library form.The research findings show that some effective elements like the city streams,the fertile soil,the suitable temperature,various fountains and aqueducts and also the strategic and defensive positions of the intended area caused the construction of the most important hexaploid gardens of Behshahr during Safavi by Shah Abas and his deputies which consist of:Chehelsoton ,Cheshme ,Khalvat,Shomal ,Saheb Alzaman and Tapeh. A set of the mentioned gardens with high walls are separated from each other and each has an isolated gate from which there exist no trace.

In 1270 A.H The handwritten version of Nezamie law has been written by Hassan Ali Afshar. The writer attempts to formulate a law and rule for Iranian military schools using the methods and techniques common in Europe. Hence in some parts of the book the writer examined the school conditions in terms of habitation, clothes and food for the students. Also in other parts of the book he expressed the number of infantry, cavalry , flocks of ordnances, the stipend payments, the soldier and officer's salaries, the battle arrangements, military camps and even how to choose and assign officers in key positions such as ruling on the boundary states. The problem is that why this book was written? and how it affects the order of the military school structures in Iran? As it can be understood from the conducted researches, the main objective of formulating this book was the discipline of offers related to the military schools and to reduce their disorder lines. Although this book couldn't solve the problems of the military schools in Iran completely, it created a comprehensive recognition of the new training structures in the top military schools of the world.

The governments which acquire their powers from people highly respect the people demands and they rely on the social forces and votes.Whereby governments in which all the social and political powers result from the production of the wealth,work,development of industry and agriculture and having specialized work forces, assign more value for the social offers,welfare and health certainly. The governments which considered themselves as the debtors of social masses producing work and wealth, are more accountable. This research was conducted using a library method.while categorizing ,unifying and evaluating the previous published articles,by studying historical books,articles,thesis and documents,this research investigates the progress in the present researches which try to examine social stratification during Pahlavi. This research studies the classes in this period to introduce a new middle class. Then it expresses the renovations during this period,especially during Mohammed Reza Shah,to analyzes the new middle class and it's roles. It shows that how the formation of the intellectual middle classes awaring of the present situation made changes and expanded its complaints in order to realize it's wishes and to enter into the revolution stage.

In the fourth century,after entering into the Islamic territories, the Saljuki Turkomans joined the Islam religion and became Muslim. Defeating Ghaznavian in the year 431 A.H ,they formed a government . During that period their military methods underwent changes and transformations which undoubtedly made a transition from immigrate life to the urbanization. The effective factor in these transformations was their familiarity with Iranian life style. The problem of this research which it seeks to clarify by analytical _descriptive approach using library sources is that what changes occurred in the military methods of Saljukian from Dandanghan to Ghotvan wars in 536 A.H. Findings show that by examining all these three wars of Dandanghan,Malazgerd, Ghotvan at the beginning,middle and end of the Saljukian government respectively,the changes in attacks and defense and also the use of the instruments can be understood. In particular the war_escape tactic is less used while approaching the end of the reign.

Through the history of Iran always the famous and ancient ministerial clans have played an effective role in disciplining the ruling offers,maintain and expand security,transfer national heritages and assets. The Badr Khan clan was a characterized instance of these clans,the most important figure of which was Mirza Abd Alvahab Asefaldoleh.Considering the administrative and ministerial performance of this clan during Qajar period,this research has been conducted in an analytical _descriptive method relying on the published documents and sources. The research objective is to determine the ministerial and military position and performance of this clan and also to introduce it's figures and elites. The results showed that some factors such as popularity,credit and military _organizational capabilities of the Badr Khan clan especially in the armory offair,the ergent need of the center to manage crises were effective in assigning the military _ministerial positions. The command to organize crises in Azerbaijan,Gilan and Mazandaran by submitting the governor general position of Khorasan to Asef Aldole during Naseri dynasty,,indicate that the Qajars trusted him to put in order the unorganized situation of these states. The findings also showed that though Asef Aldole's achievements in organizing the disorder situation of Khorasan failed in his last mission because of the conspiracy and divisions by power spectra and to some extent due to his dictatorship which led to his disposal of the state ,but the Badr Khan clan dominance did not stop after him and some political responsibilities were assigned to them until Pahlavi.