پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1397)

Emotion is one of the most important factors in the emergence of a literary work, and those states such as sadness, happiness, hope and disbelief, astonishment and anger, anger and fear, anxiety, pleasure, etc., which create an incident or any other act in the mind of the literary, It tries to transfer these states and their effects to others as they feel. Among the religious texts, Nahj-ol-Balaghah of Imam Ali (s) has sermons delivered in the presence of people and in various occasions. Among these are sermons that the audience, by reading them, overflows with grief and anger in a way that touches that sense itself, and this feeling stems from the creator's creativity, among other things, the emotion of wrath in sermons related to the Iraqi people and Especially Kofiyan has a high frequency. The result of the study showed that the emotion of wrath was effective in choosing vocabulary with a proportional order, and Imam (AS) used the image in harmony with the effect of this emotion, and used different slaps so that all these factors led to by reading these sermons, the audience will have the same sense and emotion.

One of the most important ways to transmit the messages from one nation and culture, to another is translation. Peter Newmark, one of the contemporary theorists of translation, believes that in general, the translation is divided into two types of communication and semantics. The effect and significance of translation are reflected in various aspects, one of which is to translate literary works and include rhetorical devices. The most prominent of these devices is the metonymy. Regarding the ideas of Newmark, there are different kinds of translating the metonymies including mentioning the equivalent for the allusion, explicit and direct meaning, Mozart method (literal with explanation), etc. which depends on different aspects. "Nahj al-Balaghah" of Imam Ali (as) is one of the valuable works that is rich in literary prominence based on its content and form. The present study tries to identify a better way of translating the metonymies in Nahj al-Balaghah's sermons based on Newmark's ideas with a descriptive and analytical method, and in order to better understand the words of Imam Ali (AS); in this regard, the performance of four Persian translations from Nahj al-Balaghah was the studied data, so as to identify the most appropriate ones in translating the metonymies, it is to be determined which translation method is more frequent. The results showed that the most frequent method of translating Nahj al-Balaghah's metaphorical interpretations is the literal translation method with explanation (Mozart method), because most of its metonymies are of an innovative and standard type, and the translation of Ayati and Dashti correspond to Newmark's view and more relevant than others, among the four translations.

Imam Ali (AS) encounter during his rule the Muslim community with three companions Jamal, Qastyn and Khawarij in terms of intellectual creed and political demands The A confrontation of Imam Ali (as) with Mu'awiya and his companions according to the demands of your independence from the rule of Imam Ali (AS) is a kind of separatism. Given that part of the Nahj ul-Balagha is dedicated to the subject Muawiyah can inferred how to her deal with separatist According to confrontation Imam Ali (AS) with Muawiyah. Therefore this article is going to using the descriptive and analytical studying Method of Coping with separatism on the confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah. In this regard, the definition has separatism. Then The introduction of Mu'awiya and his companions, In then has cited Muawiyah proceedings against Imam in finally studying Method of confront Imam (AS) with Muawiyah.Finally, coping strategies Imam Ali (AS) with they as cope with massive advertising, strong and clear reply to requests and pretext and insightful about it, Negotiate and correspondence and fight as a last resort analyzed.

Development is summary is wisdom, knowledge and human morality that manifests itself in its historical process. Development is a qualitative factor that indicated the situation of social vitality, prosperity, social justice, and the state of social capital of a society. One of the main areas of development is the attention to the religious and epistemological foundations of the society. Accordingly, the main purpose of the investigation is to identify and categorize the socio-cultural context of the development of nations with an emphasis on Nahj al-Balaghah, view. The method was used in this research relies on the theoretical approach, namely, library studies, historical documentary events, is a scientific resource categorized as a fundamental approach, Because the researcher attempts to increase his theoretical and worldview knowledge with historical and theoretical references. The results of the research show that the basis of the survival of a nation depends on its social development status. So that development was aimed at promoting ethics, rich culture and knowledge, intercultural civilization, social vitality and transparency, strengthening accountability and relying on social laws and respect for religious religion and norms according to this., according to this it can be said that such issues as social self-belief, the prevalence of social justice, the strengthening of political trust, the reduction of ethnic divide and conflict, the fight against social corruption, disorder, discrimination and equal distribution of scarce resources, economic- Political, answering and the existence of the right to comment, etc. from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah, are important and effective fields in the development of a nation.

The transfer of expression effects from source text is one of the challenges translations, that it is quite obvious in translation of literary texts and literary sacred texts specially. Literary arrays are literary style characteristics that must be reflected in the target language such as text messages. Despite the changes of literary arrays’s affects in part of the message and the literary influences, but the difference of discourse between the source and target language lead to change. According to the importance of changing strategies in the translation of the expression arrays, this research aimed studying Shahidi’s translation as the literary translation of Nahj Al-Balagha and it is study reflect the literary images from simile and metaphor that is based on the descriptive and analytical method. The most important of this research indicate Shahidi used the changes like omission and increase and conversion and replacement of visual elements. This is opposed aesthetic balance in some cases.

Intertextuality Interpersonalism is one of the most recent issues in the field of literary studies that deals with the relationship between two texts. Different theorists have explained this method with different origins and analyzes. Ghent is one of the most famous recent theorists in this field who has studied in detail the types of intertextual relations and how they are analyzed. From among the religious texts, the relationship between Nahj al-Balaghah and the Qur'an, especially given that Imam Ali (as) has been recognized as a Qur'an, is emphasized by his Quran, and has always been the subject of Nahj al-Balagh's commentators. Using the method of intertextuality in analyzing this relationship not only helps to deepen our understanding of both the Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah, in addition to standardizing the method of studying it. The presence of the first text in the second text is associated with changes and changes in most cases. Study of these changes in the field of interpretation and understanding of the Quran is a decisive one. Imam Ali (AS), through explicit and implicit use of Quranic verses, has interpreted the Quran in some cases. They occasionally mention a part of a verse and have replaced the meaning of a word, and occasionally, by adding phrases on the Qur'anic word, have clarified its meaning. The same method has been used to explain the propositions and examples of Quranic verses.

Using of transcendental concepts and spiritual messages of the Word of the Elders of religion requires the offering of a precise translation according to the latest criteria of the translation science. After the Holy Qur'an, Nahjo al-Balaghe, as the one of the main interpretation of Quran has always allocated a major role in researches of religious sciences. Persian translations of this unique work have also been criticized. For the first time Firth, the prominent English linguist as well as the context study, introduced the principle of the collocations of the vocabulary. He assumed this linguistic phenomenon as the meaning based, not the grammar, and used it to name and identify the compounds based on the semantic-idiomatic relationship and the frequency of their occurrence in the language. In his opinion, syntagmatic is a way of expressing meaning. In theis study, the translation of Garmarudi from Nahjo-al-Balaghe has been criticized and investigated according to the threefold types of collocations of the vocabulary and some cases of these types of collocations in the sermons have been examined as instances and the degree of his compliance with the context in general and with vocabulary in particular has been determined. He has not adopted the same way in translating cases of collocation of the vocabulary. He has adopted a more coherent way and he has been interested in fluent translating. In the meanwhile, some criteria and principles of translation, including the principles of the collocations of the vocabulary, have been ignored.