نشریه هوزان
سال دوم شماره 2 (2017)

Breast milk can act as a route excretion of heavy metals from mother to baby and children is ex-tremely vulnerable against poisoning with these substances. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and performance of lactating women referred to health centers of Yazd about heavy metals transmitted from breast milk in 2016.
This study was a descriptive cross - sectional in which among lactating women referred to health cen-ters of Yazd city, 150 people were selected by cluster sampling. Data collection was done by a questionnaire that contain questions about knowledge, attitude and performance of lactating women about heavy metals transmitted from breast milk. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software and Mann - Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
lactating women referred to health centers have gained 60.58%, 51.20% and 46.28% of the maximum score of knowledge, attitude and performance, respectively. The results showed that the mean score of perfor-mance in lactating women less than 30 year-olds longer than women older than 30 year-olds (P value=0.048) and mean score of attitude employed lactating women were significantly higher than housekeeper lactating women (P value=0.049).
The results showed that the level of knowledge in lactating women was average and the levels of attitude and performance have been low. Therefore, the development of programs to raise awareness, attitude and performance of lactating women seems necessary.

Liquid wastes such as wastewater are the main way of pollutants entrance to environment. Espe-cially in developing countries. Municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater contain easy biodegradable organic matter, organic and inorganic chemical substances, toxic and pathogens discharge into aqueous environments (lakes, rivers, oceans). There are wide ranges of treatment systems that can be used to treat wastewater. The conventional wastewater treatment systems have some weakness such as high capital cost, high energy consumption, need to expert operation and sludge disposal, while natural wastewater treatment methods because of low energy consump-tion, environmental friendly, easy operation etc., are considerable to use. Constructed wetlands is one of successful natural wastewater treatment system. Constructed wetlands is an artificial wetland created for the purpose of treating municipal or industrial wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff. Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wet-lands are a class of wide use constructed wetlands. This class of wetlands is able to treat both municipal and industrial wastewater successfully. In this paper we tried to describe this class of wetlands, the components, treatment mech-anisms, efficiency of worldwide operating examples, advantages and limitation, as well as the carried out research with this treatment system. The review of literatures showed horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands can be efficient and trustworthy system to treat municipal and industrial wastewater naturally.

Ibuprofen (Ibu) is an over use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that present in the environment and has been detected in many water sources and in wastewater. An evaluation done by the World Health Organization (WHO) showed Ibu can be one of endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). One of most common contaminant in ground water is nitrate, too. Nitrate in groundwater may be caused by point sources such as sewage disposal systems and domestic animal facilities, non-point sources such as fertilizers, decomposing plants, parks, golf courses, lawns, atmospheric deposition and gardens, or naturally occurring sources of nitrogen. Excess nitrate in drinking water may cause methemoglobinaemia also called a blue-baby disease, in new-born infants. At present study, we tried to present how nitrate can be reduced in presence of Ibu as a pharmaceutical in bioelectrical reactors (BER). In this way related litrattures and mechanism reviewed and discussed.