Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Dec 2016

Metabolic control and observance of dietary therapy in adolescents with type I diabetes is weaker compared to other patients—the fact which might lead to physical, mental, and social changes in such adolescents in this period of their life. Hence, adolescences are more subject to complications of diabetes. This study, accordingly, was conducted to examine the relationship of religious orientation and physician-patient relations in prediction of treatment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
In a cross-sectional design, a number of 101 female and male adolescents with type 1 diabetes were selected. Data was collected via Alport Religious Orientation Questionnaire, patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ-9) by Vanderfeltzer et al., and General Adherence Scale (GAS-5). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and Simultaneous and Stepwise Multiple Regression.
Mean of participants’ age was 17.5±2.5, and adherence to treatment was 16.7±2.9. Adherence to treatment had a significant and negative correlation with external religious orientation (p=0.002, r=-0.3), while it did not have a significant correlation with internal religious orientation. Also, it had a significant positive correlation with physician-patient relation (p=0.01, r=0.24). In stepwise regression, ability of prediction of adherence to treatment by external religious orientation was 30%. Internal religious orientation and physician-patient relation had no significant share in prediction of adherence to treatment.
According to the results of this research, external religious orientation has the most powerful correlation with adherence to treatment so that there was a reduction in patients’ adherence to treatment as external religious orientation increased. Afterwards, physician-patient relation had a correlation with adherence to treatment so that an increase in physician-patient relation would result in an increase in adherence to treatment.

University faculty members, as the largest providers of educational services, must enjoy a good quality of working life in order to provide excellent educational services to their students. Thus, this paper aimed to examine the relationship between their quality of working life and interpersonal forgiveness.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted through a cross-sectional method. Accordingly, 76 faculty members of Qom University of Medical Sciences were selected in 2013 using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using demographic information questionnaire, Walton’s Quality of Working Life and Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and One-way ANOVA, which were run in SPSS (V.16) Software.
The results of this study indicated that the majority of participants enjoyed a moderate quality of working life and interpersonal forgiveness. Besides, it was found that there was a significant relationship between faculty members’ quality of working life and interpersonal forgiveness.
Regarding the significant relationship between faculty members’ quality of working life and interpersonal forgiveness, it seems that authorities and officials must adopt appropriate strategies and solutions to improve their quality of working life. Consequently, the required conditions to improve the quality of educational services will be provided.

Due to the negative consequence of girls’ escape, this study was conducted to compare personality, demographic, and religious characteristics of runaway girls and normal ones in Qom city.
In a case control study, 66 single runaway girls and 66 normal girls were selected as experimental group and control group, respectively. Data was culled using interview method, demographic information questionnaire, Allport religious orientation, and general health questionnaires (GHQ). Chi square and independent t-test were applied to analyze final data.
Average general health scores were calculated to be 13.9±11 and 9±6.2 in runaway and normal girls, respectively. The score of religious orientation is significantly lower in runaway girls than normal girls (p0.05).
Religious orientation was found to be lower in runaway girls than in normal ones. Since runaway girls are subject to physical and sexual abuse, their psychological health is highly vulnerable—the fact which might pave the way for other social abnormalities.

Spiritual well-being has been recognized as an important resource to cope with illness and life stresses. The aim of this study is to determine the Spiritual well-being status as well as stress coping strategies in hemodialysis patients.
This descriptive-analysis study included 95 randomly selected patients undergoing treatments with hemodialysis in hemodialysis centers of Qom hospitals. Data collection instruments were the Spiritual Well-Being Scale and Jalowiec Coping Scale Data were analyzed via SPSS 16 software, by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test.
The mean and standard deviation score of spiritual well-being of patients were 91.98±15.09 while the mean and standard deviation of existential and religious well-being were 50.76±8.06 and 41.22±8.91, respectively. 52.6% got scores higher than the average score in spiritual well-being. The most common coping strategies in patients were Evasive and Supportant copings. Spiritual well-being and problem-oriented coping strategies had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.41, p = 0.008). But there was no significant relationship between spiritual well-being and emotion-focused coping strategies.
Results showed that hemodialysis patients mostly use emotion-oriented strategies when facing disease and treatment’s challenges. There was a positive relation between spiritual well-being and problem-oriented coping strategies; therefore, in order to increase levels of coping with the disease, the care plan should be written with an emphasis on patient's spiritual needs.

Cancer as a frightening disease may affect people's confidence in their abilities, sense of controlling over their lives, and in other words self-esteem. Spiritual health as the main aspect of health can be an important source for calmness, decrease in existential distress, improvement of self-esteem and coping with the disease. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between spiritual health and self-esteem in Iranian cancer patients.
This cross-sectional study was accomplished by obtaining Rosenberg Self-Esteem and Paloutzian & Ellison scales questionnaire from a convenience sample of 170 cancer patients who were referred for chemotherapy to hospitals of SEMNAN University of Medical Sciences. Data were analyzed by SPSS using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation, and level of significance (P) was considered Study group has shown a mean self-esteem score of 18.5±3.5 and 98.1±13.2 for spiritual well- being. There was a direct correlation between spiritual health and self- esteem after adjustment for sex, age, education level and marital status (r=0.55).
This study demonstrated that spiritual health was significantly associated with self-esteem in cancer patients. Considering critical conditions of cancer patients and their urgent need for maintaining and improving spiritual well-being, enhancement of spiritual health and self-esteem should be further emphasized in the treatment programs of these patients such that they and their families that represent a large population can be assisted to overcome the critical conditions.

Orienting its approach based on Islamic viewpoint (Quran and Hadith), this study aimed to investigate effectiveness of forgiveness therapy, inclination to forgive, and marital adjustment in affected women who referred to counseling centers in Tehran.
This study was a semi-experimental research which made use of test-retest methodology and control group. Statistical population contained women who had suffered unfaithfulness by their husbands and referred to counseling centers of Tehran in the summer 2015. A number of 30 samples were selected in purposive and convenience manners and were categorized in two test and control groups. After conduction of pretest, which applied Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Amnesty Ray et al., members of the test group attended in nine 90-minute weekly sessions of forgiveness therapy based on Islamic viewpoint. Finally, posttest was conducted on both groups with the same tool.
Results of multivariable analysis of covariance showed that forgiveness therapy based on Islamic viewpoint has a significant effect on increased levels of willingness to forgive and marital adjustment in women.
The results showed that forgiveness therapy based on Islamic viewpoints could be applied in designation of therapeutic interventions.

Religious behaviors, among which Trust in the Almighty God is a major representation, play a key role in giving meaning to life, generation of hope, and mental relaxation. The present study was conducted aimed at examination of the subject Trust in the Almighty God and analysis of the concept Trust from the perspective of psychology, delineating its relationship with self-confidence. In this study, therefore, Trust in the Almighty God is addressed from three cognitive, mental, and behavioral dimensions as well as mental etymology of Trust in the Almighty God and the relationship between trust and self-confidence.
This study is a review-descriptive research that has made use of library and digital resources to collect its required data.
In examination of the subject Trust in the Almighty God from the viewpoint of psychology and delineation of the relationship between trust and self-confidence, it is found that trust in the Almighty God is not a barrier to self-confidence. What is more, it is an effective factor in its recovery, stabilization, and reinforcement.
Religious behaviors, among which Trust in the Almighty God is a major representation, play a key role in giving meaning to life, generation of hope, and mental relaxation. Psychologically speaking, Trust in the Almighty God has three cognitive, mental, and behavioral dimensions. Cognitive aspect of trust in the Almighty God is associated with understanding the creator-creature relationship, the world, and the phenomena in the universe. In the emotional aspect, humankinds, relying on the Almighty God’s power, feel an inner serenity within themselves. Finally, application of this intrinsic force is materialized in the behavioral dimension of trust in the Almighty God.