نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 32 (امرداد 1397)

The United States throughout its history by relying on the realistic propositions has sought to create a United States-based hegemonic unipolar system based on two axes of unilateralism and interventionism. This important issue has been emphasized in the thought of the new American order, which has consistently been the central axis of all American president's goals since the collapse of the Soviet Union till now. Accordingly, the policy of influence in the strategic regions of the competitor powers was one of the most important goals of USA foreign policy during this period; one of the most important of which is Eurasia; a strategic supercontinent in the world, where the United States crossed with other powers. Russia and China are two Eurasian countries that have been developing their capabilities in this region over the past two decades with the aim of establishing a strategic alliance and preventing foreign power intervention in the region. The results show that the two powers are seeking redistribution of power in the international system and they don’t obey the principles of American leadership in regional and global relations, specifically in Eurasia. The power of Russia and China in various fields as well as their influence on the international system; as a result of that, their opposition to American hegemony has raised this question: How Russia and China in Eurasia deal with the hegemonic unilateralist policies? And also is it possible to unite the two countries against hegemony? The hypothesis of the research is that Russia's and China's policies toward the United States in Eurasia have been settled in terms of soft balance and tough balance respectively. According to the relative interests of each country in the geopolitical, political, security, cultural, and economic arenas, they have not been able to pass a monotonous path.

The Persian Gulf as one of the main sources of energy is considered by the regional and trans-regional world’s powers. Hence, the security of The Persian Gulf, more than regional dimensions is important in international as well. In this context, it has additional importance to understand both the security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a major actor in the region and the reasons for adopting this Policies. This article’s question focuses on understanding the security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Persian Gulf and the reasons for adopting these policies. Security policies in the Persian Gulf includes: Emphasizing on regional’s order and oppose with the presence of foreign powers in the Persian Gulf, Supporting the movements and Shia groups in the region and increasing the power of military and arms. this Policies is formed based on the superiority of Iranian power in the region and the orientation of its foreign policy to change the status of current situation. The method in this research is based on the nature of explanatory research and the data and information needed are collected in library.

Islam as the most complete divine religion has always emphasized the use of enlightening and informative thoughts, as well as the expression of truth; believing that they are one of the ways to achieve unity, kindness and having much affection for each other. There are issues among the external and internal factors of unity and integrity specifically mentioned in the Quran. For example, in the Quran, humans are considered to be united, which implies the importance of unity and integrity. The Quran considers the fully acceptance of Islam as a significant and vital component of unity and solidarity, whereas, the internal inconsistency of human beings as one of the main obstacles to them. The present study aims to study the verses and Islamic narratives about Islamic unity and solidarity as well as the effects and consequences of their existence among the Muslims. The applied approach is based on reviewing library resources and documents in which the intended resources were explored to obtain the results of the study indicating the high importance of Islamic unity and solidarity.

The topic of the present study is "The comparative study of reactive tact and prevention of the goods smuggling in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America's Laws ". The reason behind that is upon facing a problem we need to come up with a solution to get out of the situation. Moreover, getting out of the situation is not enough, but the solution must cover the future. Therefore, scientific solutions must be made with the precise plan to be productive. The solutions based on studying and researches are not the ways to deal with any offense. Instead of punishing a criminal, we must seek the cause of the crime. Why does this person commit a crime and in what situation has he committed the crime? What has been the context of this crime? In the present study, the factors affecting smuggling of goods and the ways of fighting them as well as the criminal policy with decriminalization of the crime will be studied and then we will continue to follow the usual procedure for the goods smuggling case in government agencies.

The present study is entitled "The Issue of Velayat-e-Faghih during the History of Occultation". Since the argument occasionally raises, is that Velayat-e-Faghih is something new, and it has not existed in the past and has been emerged and consolidated in the time of the Islamic Revolution. The present study by applying Descriptive-analytical method aims to mention the historical root in which the discussion of Velayat-e-Faghih is not only a new argument, but its antiquity backs to the history of Islam. It has been more seriously raised after the occultation of the Imam Vali Asr and the governmental basis of it was not established until the time of the Islamic Revolution in which it is manifested. The results of the research indicate that the guardianship and sovereignty over the people belong to Allah Almighty and he authorized his Prophet. All Muslims are obliged to obey him and do not have the right to disobey and violate his commands.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, same as many other countries, recognized the sovereignty and independence of Georgia after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of its republics including Georgia. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgia's declaration of independence, the relations between Tehran and Tbilisi have generally been at a favorable level. Indeed, in spite of some opportunities for improving the level of relations between the two countries, the challenging factors have actually increased the restriction on the relations between Tehran and Tbilisi. The present study while briefly referring to the history of Iran-Georgia relations, discusses the opportunities and challenges in two countries relation. Therefore, the main question in this study is that what are the most significant factors in creation of the challenges and opportunities in the relations between Iran and Georgia? The hypothesis and the possible answer is that the security-oriented approach of Iran's foreign policy and the western-oriented approach of Georgia's foreign policy is a major challenge for relations between the two countries. The results of the research show that the factors such as having historical and cultural connectivity and the existing potential for the economic cooperation are considered as a stimulus for the expansion of relations between the two countries. However, at the same time, there are obstacles and factors such as the West-oriented approach of Georgia, the NATO-Georgia relationship, Georgia's relations with the Israeli and America's regime and joining NATO and so on in front of these relations. The present study was done by using library and descriptive-analytical method.

The relations of political units are on the domain of the hegemonic-dominant axis. Compared to domination, hegemony is more likely to be based on the relative reliability of the parties and soft power; therefore, it is different from domination. According to the experience, political units and countries that have established their relationship based on hegemonic criteria on the basis of the relative satisfaction of the parties have been successful and have significantly reduced the multidimensional and irreversible costs of their political relations. In the meantime, by studying the various criteria and the history, it seems that the relations between Islamic republic of Iran and the Kurdistan region have always been based on non-hegemonic and dominant dimension. The scope of politics, especially regional developments, has undergone many changes over the past two decades. Inappropriate understanding of these changes will make the situation more critical and inefficient. The developments in the Kurdish region first of all are the results of the realities of the region and its multidimensional nature. Whereas dealing with this fact in the relation with Iran has always been accompanied by ups and downs, and has generally increased the neo-hegemonic domain of the relations between two parties. The present study surveys the history of this situation and the possible perspective of these relationships. Therefore, the aim of it is clarifying the nature of hegemony-domination of the relationships from different aspects.

Islam is a complete religion which has systematic and precise plans for all aspects of human life, ranging from the smallest personal issues to the planning of the largest social and political resources and organizations. Nevertheless, the subject of the international relations and foreign policy of the countries has not been neglected by the pure Mohammadi Islam (PBUH), whereas, it is considered as one of the most important parts of it. Imam Ali (PBUH), with his unique book, originated from Islam and the Holy Quran, continued the way of ruling in Islam. He, as the person who, presented an explicit example of domestic and foreign policies toward his people and other governments in the most difficult situation of his Imamate periods; provided a pattern for the leaders of Islamic and non-Islamic governments by collecting all these functions and customs in a valuable book called Nahj-ol-Balagha. The written principles of the glorious Islamic Revolution of Iran have been a prominent example of Islamic governance both at the national and international levels. In the present study, by using library methods and Internet resources as well as the precious words of Imam Ali (PBUH) by focusing on the rule of Al-Ghade Nafi-e-Sabil and the theory of defensive realism, the author has tried to survey the issue of security in Islamic foreign policy from Nahj-ol-Balagh's point of view, with emphasis on the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The hypothesis of the study is that Nahj-ol-Balaghah can provide a superior model in the field of security in the Islamic foreign policy with the inspiration of the Imam Ali (PBUH) governance.

In the challenging new millennium as well as the competition among organizations, one of the significant factors for the organizations success is supplying the appropriate information systems aiming at fast, accurate and correct managerial decision making; as it is the initial step in the implementation of managerial decision-making tasks. Since it is impossible to make decision without the information, the executive basis for such tasks is providing the necessary information for the management. Information technology has led to easy communication within organizations and more authority for employees so that they can get more complete information and consequently the tasks are done quickly and decisions are made with the required speed according to the dynamic external environment. This technology has affected the structure of the organizations and formed it in horizontal shape. Information anarchism is based on various aspects of the organization. The present study aims to investigate the behavioral effects of these systems. The effects have been studied on individual behaviors in terms of ethics and personal affairs and on group behaviors in terms of decision making, organizational communication and leadership. In fact, it can be said that information technology has led to easy communication within organizations and more authority for employees so that they can get more complete information and consequently the tasks are done quickly and decisions are made with the required speed according to the dynamic external environment.

The mission of Islam is to provide worldly and otherworldly prosperity as well as human tranquility. Achieving this goal needs some requirements including the acceptance of peace and security in social and international relations as a primary principle. Accepting this principle means that any disruptive factor to peace is prohibited. Among the various factors could endanger the safety of humans, the production, accumulation and use of nuclear weapons have been seriously addressed by the public according to their many effects and dangers. The question is this, what is jurisprudential sentence of the production, accumulation and use of nuclear weapons, given the different legal arguments? The results of the research indicate that any activity regarding such weapons is not only incompatible with Islamic thoughts, but is irrational and lacks probable interests. In terms of jurisprudential sources; production, accumulation and use of these types of weapons has no justification but prohibitory, while, nowadays they have a role other than prohibitory and pave the way for disturbing global peace and security.