نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 39 (اسفند 1397)

By the transformation of political order and the balance of powers in the Middle East and North Africa after the fall of authoritarian regimes in 2011, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia faced with increasing challenges and threats in domestic and foreign dimensions which accompanied with a contradiction in its approach to Arab Spring waves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the security environment of West Asia and North Africa regions after the Arabian Spring developments on the perception of foreign policy decision-makers in Saudi Arabia. The present paper uses a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes the neoclassical realism theory to answer this question that what factors have played an important role in Saudi Arabia's contradictory foreign policy toward the Arab Spring and what was Saudi reaction to these developments? The hypothesis of this study is that after the developments in the Arabian Spring, the increasing of Iran's power and influence, the power of the Ekhvan-al-moslemin, regional rivalry with Qatar, the growth of terrorist groups and the spread of domestic dissent have played an important role in shaping the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia has responded to these developments due to economic, religious and military capabilities.

The Palestinian issue began since the twentieth century with the withdrawal of Britain from the domination of this country and is now one of the most important issues in the Islamic world. Over time, the only remained lands for the Palestinian people are Western boundary and Gaza Strip. It shows that 87 percent of primary Palestinian territory is now under the Israel's control. So far, much efforts have been made to resolve the conflict between Palestine and Israel but all have been completely defeated. In this paper, it is examined that what are the pillars of conflict between these two countries and they will be ascertained for revealing the obstacles to peace. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The findings of this study indicate that the occupation of Jerusalem, the issue of the Palestinian refugees, the water crisis and the borders of the two sides are major unresolved issues for understanding between Palestine and Israel.

One of the important issues in criminal law is the concept of criminal liability. The commission of a crime in a situation that is capable of attributing to the offender, will result in the establishment of a criminal liability and punishment unless the offender is unable to bear the criminal liability for some reasons. If a person is incapable while performing a criminal act for some reasons such as a mental illness and does not have the enough knowledge and understanding of the criminal concept of his or her behavior, then would not be considered as a criminal and would not be punished. Therefore, according to the Islamic penal code published in 1392, mental illnesses are diseases that affect mental health and deprive the willing of a person, put the person in a state of insanity and take the criminal responsibility from him. But considering that all mental diseases do not completely eliminate the willing, it is very important to determine that how much does a person suffer from a mental disorder and therefore requires the knowledge and accuracy of the judges to examine the exact amount of person's illness and its' impact on willing and not be excluded from the scope of justice. Also, the innovation of the Islamic Penal Code 1392, as well as the laws of other countries, is the usage of the concept mental disorder instead of the word insanity and broadening the range of effective factors in criminal behavior that is a step toward identifying a diminished responsibility. However, the only legal effect of mental disorder remains in the field of insanity.

The status of the obligations of the of the bankrupt businessman guarantors to pay late payment damages is the core issue of this study and the hypothesis tested in the examination is based on expedition the exemption of the bankrupt businessman from paying the of this payment to his guarantors. Our argument in this discussion is based on this reasoning that:The guarantor's duty to perform the obligations on the behalf of principal debtor is from the irrevocability effects of pledge contract and except for the termination of the contract or quittance of principal debtor and guarantor there is not failure to comply with the obligations arising out of this agreement, whether the guarantee is quoted or signed (joint). This irrevocability has another exception which also applies to the guarantor, s of a bankrupt businessman. The guarantee of a bankrupt businessman attests to the fact that the guarantee contract is a subsidiary of the principal contract and therefore principal debtor remission from late-payment damages after his stay and his exemption from payment to the creditors; the extension of this exemption to the guarantor of the bankrupt businessman and they are also not obliged to pay this damages. Due to the fact that the guarantee of a bankrupt businessman in accordance with the provisions of the Commercial Code is contrary to the principle and in a secure manner, and as in this form of guarantee, the creditor's referral to both the guarantor and the principal debtor individually and commonly, the possibility A ban on reffering to a bankrupt businessman will also prohibit him from coming to his guarantor. This is despite the fact that there is no single judicial procedure in the courts and domestic authorities regarding the guarantor's obligation or failure to pay the damages and court in both cases liable or lack of liability vote against or in favour of them.

One of the most important means of malicious people for preventing the progress of Islam and the plans of the Islamic Revolution is infiltration and penetration in the country. The penetration programs of them can be economic pressure, military threat, psychological warfare, political disruption or sabotage. One of the main duties of a revolutionary in the Islamic system is to identify the goals of this group and then plan to fight against and neutralize their actions both in defensive and aggressive positions which also has been emphasized in religious literature. This article seeks to answer some questions that what does the penetration mean in the intellectual system of Imam Khamenei, and in which way is it carried out and what is its types? What is discussed here by the descriptive-analytical method with the approach to explaining his defense thoughts, suggests that the adulteration and penetration are parts of the enemy's plans to confront the Islamic Revolution, with this view that if they have failed to overthrow the regime of Islamic Republic of Iran, they will achieve to their goals by penetration. This penetration takes place in the economic, political, cultural and security dimensions.

In the present era, no organization can survive without regard to human resources and its constructive role in providing services. Implementation of human resources education and upgrading will enable individuals to continue to work effectively with organizational changes and the environment effectively. Therefore, the need for organizational learning is well established at all levels of the organization today. Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between investing on education in organizational productivity. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the process, resources and necessary educational measures in the organization and be planned in an appropriate scientific model. Because training and upgrading of employees is a strategic action that at the individual level leads to the value and satisfaction of the individual and at the organizational level, improves and develops the organization.This research is descriptive and library research, and by examining the existing documents, reviewing the importance of human resources in the organization, examines the role and impact of human resource education on the stability of organizations in terms of job empowerment and career development in order to attain goals. An organization. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to reduce the training process, including need assessment, evaluation and effectiveness of staff training at the organization level, and the necessity of its implementation, and its shortcomings, however, are discussed briefly.

Technology is an essential part of today's human life and is one of the most important factors in the production of goods and services. The technology by influencing in social life has gone beyond simple mode and has become an environment that influences attitudes, values, and so on. For this reason, technology management, especially in the field of information, is of considerable importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine different models of technology evaluation, the expression of models and indicators that can be used in the evaluation of technology in the field of information. According to the above mentioned concept, the main question of the present research is that how the effective factors function in assessing the level of technology and this article examines this hypothesis by a descriptive-analytical method. Meanwhile, this research is an applied target. The result of the following article shows that the assessment of the technology level as an important step in the process of technology management, plays an important role in technology awareness. So the technology, like other competitive resources, needs to be managed according to a strategic perspective.