نشریه پژوهش نامه حقوق بشری
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1397)

Political participation as one of the criteria for assessing the extent of political development of societies at various levels has always been studied by several scholars; if it is acceptable for the effectiveness of social and political system. Spirit of laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially the constitution, based on its Islamic principles, has a different view on the natural rights of women and the right to social participation, recognizing them and mandating the governing powers to do the appropriate work. In spite of the existence of legal platforms for women's political participation, there are in practice some structural constraints on this partnership. As the share of women in our society in the political arena, especially at the level of elites and high political positions, confirms this point. Although this research is based on a documentary method - not field research -, but in order to enrich the content, it has been attempted to use the research findings of other researchers in explaining the comments. At end of the writer, while expressing the capacity of the current laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran It outlines ways to remove barriers to women’s participation as half of civil society.

In the globalization era and information revolution, the rapid growth of communication technologies and development of medias revealed this fact that a new form of diplomacy of using mass media has entered into international equations and has brought with it unique changes in the domestic and foreign venue of our country. Due to the globalization process which is in an increasing motion, a kind of modern diplomacy, so called “media diplomacy” has emerged as one of the main branches of diplomacy system and foreign policy, and has taken a considerable share in public diplomacy of specifically powerful countries in which field, human right has a particular place. Media (audio, visual, written, electronic, actual or virtual) has had large effects on human rights expansion and promotion as the fourth foundations of democracy. In present paper, the author offers a scientific research on the effects of media in citizenship right.

Since the establishment of the United Nations, several conventions have been passed for protecting women’s rights; however, the significant point is the absence of executive securities and conflicts of documents and internal laws of the countries. Increase in hostility against women, rape, poverty, immigration and expressions of hate are examples showing the lack of progress in this important international issue in defending women’s rights. In addressing those issues, in present research, the researcher has studied different types of protecting women’s right by the United Nations and has studied the degree of its success.

Women’s participation is necessary in achieving any political and economic development, as women’s position in the society is deeply affected by the degree of suitable conditions and levels of growth in countries. More developed the countries are, less there will be
the gap between women and men’s conditions. For this purpose, improving women’s status is among major requirements in elevating the development indexes in each society. In another word, without attention to women’s conditions, no country can achieve development. In addition, the existing realities in many communities indicate despite publishing declarations, manifests, establishment of agencies and different organizations claiming the realization women’s rights and despite significant expenses, many women are still suffering from problems and harshness caused by economic poverty and cultural backwardness. One of the indexes effective on political and economic participation of women is to teach and empower them. The degree of planning and investment on women’s education and teaching them to develop skills will have direct and indirect impacts on the economic and political participation of countries.

This study examines the issue of intentional assault and battery of women by husbands and their role in divorce dealing with a case in Qazvin. Throughout the history, women as an important part of the society have been oppressed and their human laws and dignity have not been fully regarded. Women have also been discriminated based on customs, beliefs, laws and regulations and even in modern times and inside the family, despite all the achievements they have gained, in many cases they are oppressed. In spite of the fact that in Islamic society, the approach towards women is quite distinct and the goal of starting a family is peace and comfort for all members, we still see different types of violence against women in this seemingly small social institution. Among domestic violence
against women, physical violence always has irreversible effects. This research is conducted in collaboration with the chairman and staff of Qazvin department of Justice and its family courts. The objective of this research is to express the impact of intentional assault and battery of women and their role in women’s divorce petition. We see whether assault and battery of women can be an effective factor in their divorce, according to distress and constriction rule in article 1130 of civil law. We also examine the causes of women’s assault and battery in the family and provide some solutions.