نشریه یافته های تحقیقاتی در گیاهان زراعی و باغی
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

A breeding hexaploid wheat line named later WS-89-7 was introduced to Iran within the CIMMYT 28th-ESWYT international nursery with " KAUZ/PASTOR//PBW343 " pedigree in 2007. This line showed average grain yield of 6.352 t/ha compared to check cultivars Pishtaz and Bahar average with 6.463 t/ha in Karaj and Zarghan during 2007-08 crop season. This genotype due to good grain yield of 10.842 t/ha in normal irrigation treatment and 6.773 t/ha under terminal water stressed treatment of preliminary regional wheat yield trial selected in Karaj during 2008-09. The check variety Pishtaz performance for these two conditions was 9.376 t/ha and 6.264 t/ha for normal and stressed conditions respectively. This line was tested in water stressed advanced and replicated trials over 3 stations at 2009-2010 and with recorded grain yield of 6.658 t/ha compared to 5.775 t/ha of WS-82-9 as check, forwarded to water stressed adaptation trial. The adaptation and stability of this line was evaluated in a 2 years experiment tested over 5 stations (Karaj, Neishabour, Kermanshah, Isfahan and Varamin) during 2010-12 period and with grain yield of 5.144 t/ha against 4.990 of WS-82-9 and 4.830 t/ha of Sirvan check varieties and due to its good resistance to stripe rust considered for on-farm trials which was followed in 2012-13 over 2 locations of temperate zone showing average grain yield of 4.687 against same amount for Sirvan cultivar as check in Kermanshah. This variety showed grain yield of 5.706 t/ha against 5.092 t/ha of Sirvan check cultivar in demonstration trial in Alborz province. According to the final investigations reaction of Baharan to yellow rust was recorded as 0 to maximum of 40MR in the inoculated nurseries. In case of leaf rust, maximum reaction was 30M/MS in Gorgan. Bread making quality of this variety is good and it is an early maturity variety.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a Native American perennial herb which in the recent years has been dreadfully considered due to the production of calcium glycogen confectionery by public. Stevia is suitable for people with constraining on carbohydrate intake, such as diabetics, obese persons, and heart patients. Stevia glycosides are about 300 to 350 times sweeter than sucrose, and stevia extract, in addition to having stevia glycoside, has antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Stevia leaves contains lindane diterpenes, triterpenes, stigmasterol, tannins, volatile oils, protein, fiber, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, routine (flavonoid), zinc, vitamin C , Vitamin A, folic acid and all essential amino acids, with the exception of tryptophan. The ability to withstand with temperatures up to 200 ° C, is a feature of stevia sweeteners and makes them suitable for use in cookery. Stevia seems to have a high potential as a new agricultural product since consumer demand for this type of non-caloric natural sweeteners is steadily rising.

In order to evaluate adaptability and generative traits of some spur type apple cultivars from Horticultural Science Research Institute Collection in Karaj climate condition an experiment was conducted based on a RCBD with three replications using five years old apple trees were grafted on MM106 rootstock include in Kamal Shahr research station for two consecutive years (2010-2012). The measured traits were included flower and fruit set, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit to fruit diameter ratio, fruit firmness, acidity, pH of fruit juice, TSS and fruit yield in tree. Results indicated that among the cultivars yellow spur had the highest yield which was about 23.3 kgtree-1 where Well spur with 8.3 kgtree-1 had the lowest yield. The highest (7.3%) and the lowest (4.1%) final fruit set were belonging to Well spur and Red Spur cultivars, respectively. Spur type apple cultivars belonging to Golden Delicious group had the longer fruit and minimum biennial bearing than Red Delicious group. The ratio of length to diameter in Golden spur group cultivars was higher than the Red Spur group cultivars. The largest fruit with a weight of 204.25 grams was Oregon Spur, whilst the smallest fruit with a weight of 106 grams was belonging to the Well Spur. Well spur and Cooper Spur with 5.3 kgcm-2 and 3 kgcm-2 had the hardest and the softest flesh tissue among studied cultivars, respectively. Also Well Spur and Golden Delicious with 0.49 and 0.27 gram per litre had the highest and the lowest acidity, respectively, among the studied cultivars. Red Chief and Ganny Beauty had the highest and the lowest TSS percent with19.19% and15/30%, respectively. All cultivars have the same flowering range and have a good overlapping effect.

Because of different biotic and abiotic stresses in the cold zone of Iran, especially winter coldness and occurrence of sudden cold in the late winter and early spring, release of new barley varieties possessing cold tolerance and resistance/tolerance to other stresses is the main objective of the barley breeding program in this zone. Newly released cultivar Jolge with pedigree of Makouee//Zarjow/80-5151was derived from the cross between cultivar “Makouee” and line “Zarjow/80-5151” as female and male parents, respectively, and subsequent selection among segregating populations till pure line stage at Cereal Research Department. Jolge is tolerant to winter cold and with average grain yield of 7361 kg per hectare which is 450 kg higher than check cultivar Bahman. Jolge mature earlier than other commercial varieties in the cold zone, and also its grain filling period is longer, and its thousand kernel weight is higher than check cultivar Bahman. Other advantages of this cultivar consist of high grain yield potential, high cold tolerance, resistance to yellow rust and powdery mildew, lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. Jolge is the first released irrigated barley cultivar in the cold zone which its cross and all other breeding procedures is implemented in Iran.

Flax is one of the oldest human food crops that was cultivated in the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Far East from 10,000 to 15,000 BC, and was used as a fiber and seed. The plant was planted around 5000 BC in Iran and it is one of the oldest crops in the country. In current years, this plant this plant is one of the forgotten plants in Iran, and very little research has been done about it. The cultivating flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has numerous economic values and has considerable comount of oil, protein and fiber. Flaxseed oil is the richest source of omega-3 fatty acids in the world, which is twice as the amount of omega-3 in fish oil (in equal volume). In addition to being an industrial plant, Flax also is an important medicinal plant, and its constituent compounds are a guarantor of human health. In addition to its production potential, flax has been introduced as a nutritional supplement. Flax oil is used in the preparation of paint, printing compound, insulating fabrics, soap and flooring. Fibers derived from linseed are used for the production of paper, carpet weaving, blankets, ropes and insulators. Flax is rich in unsaturated fatty acid (ALA) (alpha-linolenic acid). The oil of this plant or extracts of its fatty acids plays an important role in the enhancement of children's vision, skin retention, decreasing of blood cholesterol, inflammation prevention, breast and intestinal cancer and stomach enhancement.

Spring sowing, landraces cultivation, traditional cropping without machine facilities are the major factors reducing chickpea yield under dryland conditions. In order to compare mechanical sowing of chickpea (researcher recommended method) with broad-cast sowing (hand planting without controlling of the herbs), this study was carried out under farmer field (7 hectares) at East Azerbayjan (Khodajoo region) during 2011-2012 cropping season. Results of sampling from the field showed that there were significantly differences between experimental treatments in cases of seed yield, biomass yield and plant height. But there were no significantly differences between treatments from harvest index and one hundred seed weight point of view. Seed yield was 873 kg/ha in mechanical sowing method (researcher recommended method), that had significantly difference with farmer treatment (303 kg/ha). Results of this study confirmed the superiority of mechanical sowing to traditional sowing of chickpea under dryland condition.

Mehreghan cultivar with the pedigree of OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN/3/2*PASTOR has derived from second international bread wheat nurseries received from CIMMYT (2ed EBWYT, Bread Wheat Yield Trial) that was evaluated in 2008-09 cropping season in Karaj. This cultivar was evaluated for its adaptability in six research sections in the Southern Dry and Warm agro-climatic Zone of Iran in years 2008-2010. Results showed that this cultivar had a goog yield stability in this Agro- climatic zone. Considering high grain yield, high level of resistance to different physiological races of stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust in different locations (hot spots), good grain quality as well as good agronomic performance including: earliness, resistance to terminal heat stress and shattering, this line was selected and officially released as mehreghan in 2015. Mehreghan, is recommended for planting in irrigated wheat growing areas in the Southern Dry and Warm Agro-climatic Zone in Iran especially in Khozestan, West Fars, Warm areas in Lorestan, Kerman and Kermanshah, provinces.

Forage production is one of the most important limitations which affect livestock products in Iran. Cereals are widely used as forage bcause of their high dry matter production and low cost. However, cereals have low forage quality which needs to be compensated in animal’s diets. Cereals-legumes intercropping is a suitable approach for reaching this goal. Although legumes have low dry matter production, because of their high crude protein, their forage is in high quality compared to cereals. In intercropping systems, morphological and physiological differences between legumes and cereals lead to use of environmental resources that can result higher forage production. In this review paper, definition of forage and its quality indicators as well as factors affecting forage quality are discussed and also elements which are important in cereals-legumes intercropping systems will be explained. In general, for forage production it is better to intercrop cereals with legumes to produce forage with high quality (especially in terms of crude protein) and quantity.