مجله مدیریت اراضی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Saffron is a healthy and organic product. Regular planning and ordered infrastructure can play an important role in the terms of exportation of agricultural products. Saffron is a low water consumer plant and highly recommended for water consumption optimization. It can be replaced by the plants with high water consumption. The main aim of this study was to identify suitable areas to saffron harvesting in Kermanshah province with regard to some of the main effective factors. Twenty years of meteorology data (1994-2013) from Applied Meteorology Research Center of Kermanshah including temperature, precipitation, number of frost days was used for this investigation. Also information of three meteorological stations in Sanandaj and Qorveh, In the North of Kermanshah and Ilam in the south of Kermanshah were used to enhance the accuracy of the zoning maps. Digital Elevation Map (DEM) of Kermanshah, slope and vegetation of land cover were prepared as the inputs of ArcGIS10 to draw a spatial data base of the studies area. At the end, the descriptive information was added to the map. Based on the requirements for each parameter, regard to the sources used in this study and using AHP method, the weighting procedure was done in different layers and classifying maps. Finally, overlapping layers in the ArcGIS10 were provided. The results showed that in some areas of Kermanshah, Mahidasht, Islamabad, the southern part of Javanrood, Rawansar, Kangavar, Gilan-e-Gharb and Sarpol-ezahab were favorable conditions for saffron cultivation in Kermansah province. Additionally the results of this investigation showed that about 13.3% equal 3258.2 km2 in Kemanshah province were unsuitable for saffron cultivation.

To study effects of long term application of river sediments in cucumber cultivation on some physical and chemical soil properties, two similar sites of Kashkan river terraces (Lorestan province) were selected. One site (control) was never under sand treated cucumber cultivation but in the other one, river sediments were applied for more than 30 years. The sites were studied as two independent statistical populations. To compare the mean quantities of different soil properties of two sites, 10 surface soil samples were selected and in laboratory analyzed. The means were compared statistically using t-test. Results showed that the effect of long term application of river sediments on texture ,soil particles, infiltration, %SP, %FC, %PWP, EC, organic carbon, available P, available B, cations (Ca, Mg , Na) and HCO3- anion was significant (p=0.99). The Effect of river sediments on soil structure (MWD index) and gravel percentage was also significant (P=0.95). The effect of river sediments on pH, lime percentage, available K, available Zn, available Mn, available Cu, anions (SO42-, Cl-, CO32-) and bulk density was not significant.

Presently, unplanned changes of land use have become a major problem. Most land use changes occur without a clear and logical planning with little attention to their environmental impacts. Since the land use changes are being happened at large areas, remote sensing technology can be used as an essential tool for detecting the land use changes. Current research evaluated land use change in Bam region for two scenarios during an 18-years period. Thematic Mercator landsat (1987) and Enhancement Thematic Mapper Plus (2005) image sensor were used. After measures required pre-processing, with supervised classification software, environmental change detection maps obtained and the final results were presented. The results indicate that palm plantation area increased 3 percent during this period and there is tendency to increase garden area in the region. The overall map accuracy of dates in Bam region in 2005 was 99.98 percent and kappa coefficient was 99.86 percent. Based on the findings of this study, increase in production and economic value of a product can increase the tendency to its use.

A wide range of Iranian agricultural lands are located in arid and semi-arid regions and they are facing to saline and drought stresses condition. So, finding an approach to increase tolerance of plant under this condition is highly valuable. Ethylene is an important hormone for normal growth and development of plants. However, high concentration of this hormone due to the environmental stresses such as drought and salinity prevent plant growth. Some of the plant growth rhizobacteria contain ACC deaminase enzyme that is capable to convert 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the precursor of ethylene in plants to α-ketobutyrate and ammonia and decrease ethylene level under stress condition. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria or PGPR can stimulate the plants growth by different mechanisms. The previous investigations revealed that using natural or recombinant bacteria that containing ACC deaminase genes are capable to eliminate the stress ethylene in drought and salinity conditions. The most important practical research program that can be offered are screening of ACC deaminase producing bacteria native to dry and saline soils of Iran, transformation of other indigenous PGPRs and production of transgenic plants with ACC deaminase genes. Growing trend in higher education and existing of reach sources of bacteria in the rhizosphere of plants are hopefully approach for overcoming to drought and salinity stress.

Using of some nitrogen bio-fertilizers,beside of nitrogen fixation and increasing of yield and growth of cropsaccording to producing of growth plant regulators by microorganisms that exist in this fertilizers, reduce environmental problems by balancing use of nitrogen as chemical fertilizers. Bio-fertilizersare containing of nitrogen fixation bacteria from genus of azotobacter and azospirillum. In order to study effect of chemical and biological N fertilizer and as well as coincide use of both of them on yield and nitrate concentration in spinach, this examination was conducted in fall of 2012 in a randomized complete blocks design with 8 treatments and 3 replication. Treatments included of: 1- applying of bio-fertilizer in seed priming 2- applying of bio-fertilizer in irrigation water 3- applying of bio-fertilizer in seed priming applying of bio-fertilizer irrigation water 4- applying of bio-fertilizer in seed priming applying of 46 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (equal 100 kg.ha-1urea) 5- applying of bio-fertilizer in seed priming applying of 92 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (equal 200 kg.ha-1urea) 6- applying of 92 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (equal 200 kg.ha-1urea) 7- applying of 276 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (equal 600 kg.ha-1urea) (conventional condition) and 8- control (no fertilizer use). The results showed that there was a significant difference among treatments in fresh and dry yield of shoot and root and as well as nitrate concentration in shoot at 5% dunkan test. The highest and lowest amounts of above traits was obtained in conventional condition and control respectively. Integrated use of biological fertilizer and urea increased wet yield significantly compared to the control and/or a single use of the biological fertilizer.By raising urea application, fresh and dry yield and nitrate concentration increased, whereas in treatments of bio-fertilizer solely, these traits could not be increased as urea application. Base on this experiment results, although, according to high Fertilization Efficiency of spinach, the highest spinach wet and dry yield was obtained in conventional condition (600 kg.ha-1 urea), but according to the probable destructive effect of applying of this amount of urea, it’s suggested that in another trial, effect of lower rates of urea and bio-fertilizer should studied.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice and nutrient balance availability plays important role in the flower induction and its corms growth improvement. Besides consumption of organic fertilizers in reducing environmental contamination and soil biodiversity conservation, due to gradual release of nutrients play a positive role in improving the growth characteristics and yield of this plant. Considering the importance of soil fertility management effects on flower yield of this valuable plant, numerous studies have been done on fertilizer and nutritional issues. In this article we have tried to look at the fertilizer and nutrition researches of saffron in the past and present, a comprehensive study done on short-term and long-term effects of different levels of organic fertilizers and manure on yield and corms growth of saffron. What this study, we have tried to achieve the conclusion of appropriate fertilizer recommendations of new and conventional types of fertilizer sources based on researches carried out in order to enforce sustainable management of biological and economic resources in Iran. The fact that in saffron cultivation areas, particularly in Iran usually soil moisture storage content is relatively low and water stress occurs, via manure consumption can be increased soil moisture storage content and inputs consumption efficiency. Consequntly, through producing healthy and organic saffron Iran’s share in the global market will be increased.

Organic matter and water resources are limited for agricultural soil cultivation in Iran. Thus, according to the shortage of these resources, application of sewage sludge and effluent has been suggested. Wastewater, sewage and sewage sludge depending on the source have a variety of microbial, organic and inorganic contaminations. So, using of modern methods for their disinfection and purification is necessary before their application. One of these methods is application of radiation to disinfect wastewater and sewage sludge. Possibility of using non-ionization ultraviolet (UV) and ionization of electron beam and gamma radiation exists for effluent disinfection. Different disinfection mechanisms of ionizing radiation (formation of hydroxyl, hydrogen, hydrated electrons free radicals and etc.) and non-ionization (directly attacks to the DNA of microorganisms and formation of photoproducts such as pyrimidine dimers) have caused that the non-ionization UV method depend on environmental factors such as suspended solids, oxidizable organic and inorganic substances, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and etc. The another disadvantages of UV compared to ionizing radiation could be mentioned as limitation of its using only for disinfection of secondary effluent, possibility microorganism’s regrowth inactivation and seasonal changes of disinfection efficiency. Sewage sludge can be disinfected only by using of ionizing radiation. Among ionizing radiations, gamma rays compare of electron beam have more benefits such as better penetration power, allowing thicker layers of sludge to be irradiated, and low lethal dose to remove pathogens which makes extensive use of it. Due to satisfactory results, use of ionizing radiation for the treatment and disinfection of wastewater, sewage effluent and sludge in worldwide, the results of this study emphasize on possibility of ionizing radiation application in the disinfection of wastewater, sewage effluent and sludge in Iran.