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Biological and Biomedical Journal - Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

International Biological and Biomedical Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/08/22
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Ambarkova Vesna* Pages 157-161
    Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a genetic disease that alters the development of bones and other tissues in the face, and presents variable expressivity. At least three genes TCOF1, POLR1D, and POLR1C were recognized to be at the origin of this syndrome which may be inherited through either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. TCS changes can be divided into otological, ophthalmic and dental malformations. Dental abnormalities occur in 60% of cases and may appear as tooth agenesis, enamel opacities, widely-spaced teeth, skeletal open bite, distalization of the mandible, bird profile, ectopic eruption of maxillary first molars, improper positioning of the teeth and jaw, and hypoplasia of the mandible jaw. Receding chin and other changes in face structure can be corrected by plastic surgery. As multiple body systems are affected in TCS, long-term follow-up care and the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team care is necessary in order to achieve better physical and psychosocial performances.
    Keywords: Treacher Collins syndrome, craniofacial defects, treatment, genetic
  • Morris Henry Baslow*, David Nigel Guilfoyle Pages 162-168
    Neurons, by virtue of their complex and continuously changing signaling roles in brain, must be able to regulate access to energy in order to maintain their ability to communicate meaningful frequency-encoded information. This is accomplished by release of neurotransmitters to astrocytes that in turn signal the vascular system to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). This process has been termed “neurovascular coupling” (NVC). It has also been observed that NVC is bimodal in that there are two separate mechanisms for control of CBF. One type is rapid [phasic] in response to changes in glutamatergic synaptic activity and release of glutamate (Glu), K and nitric oxide (NO). Uptake of free Glu and K by astrocytes induces Ca2 waves activating regional astrocyte syncytium’s to liberate prostaglandins which in turn dilate capillaries by relaxing surrounding pericytes. The NO dilates arterioles by relaxing surrounding smooth muscle cells. These agents acting in concert sharply increase CBF within 1-3 seconds. The other type is slow [tonic] reflecting ongoing neuronal metabolic activity of all neuron types independent of changes in synaptic activity or astrocyte Ca2 waves and eliciting modest oscillations in CBF in 10’s of seconds. In this review, we describe two neuronal signaling mechanisms that match the criteria for phasic and for tonic regulation of CBF. The difference being the nature of the “Glu” released by neurons and of their targeted astrocyte receptors. Dependence on synaptic activity limits phasic responses to gray matter, but tonic responses can regulate CBF in both gray matter and white matter and may be the primary regulator of CBF in white matter.
    Keywords: Brain energy metabolism, cerebral blood flow, glucose, glutamate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, neurovascular coupling, ionotropic, metabotropic
  • Sharav Desai*, Pooja Tahilramani, Dhara Patel, Prachi Patel, Dhananjay Meshram Pages 169-180
    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a universal health problem and may result into acute, fulminant, chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Sequence for protein X of HBV was retrieved from Uniprot database. ProtParam from ExPAsy server was used to investigate the physicochemical properties of the protein. Homology modeling was carried out using Phyre2 server, and refinement studies were done with Galaxy web browser. Five models were generated and evaluated by ERRAT, ANOLEA, QMEAN6, and PROCHECK. Antigenicity of the protein was also evaluated by Chou & Fasman beta-turn prediction method. Five models were generated, and model 1 was having the greatest quality on the basis of the QMEAN6 score with 0367 ERRAT analysis, revealing the overall quality of 54054% whereas the initial model was having only 17730% quality. The mean force potential energy, as analyzed by ANOLEA, was better compared with the initial model. Stereochemical quality estimation by Procheck showed that the refined model 1 had a reliable structure, and was therefore submitted to the protein model database. Pyrx with Autodock vina was used to screen the compounds from Drug bank and Protein Data Bank to find the molecules that can bind to the active site between 1 to 142 amino acids. Ten compounds with highest negative energy were selected as lead molecules. Transactivation domain predicted by MOTIF program and 3D structure submitted to PMDB can be used to design new drugs against HBV protein X.
    Keywords: Protein X_homology_docking_Uniprot_in silico_hepatitis B virus_AutoDock_Pyrx08
  • Arame Ndiaye*, Fatimata Mbaye, Bineta KÉnÉmÉ, Fatou Diallo, Abdourahmane Samba, Fatou Cisse, Souleymane Thiam, Dominique Doupa, Papa Saloum Diop, Mbacke Sembene, Niama Diop Sall Pages 181-186
    By its frequency, colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a serious public health problem. BAT25 marker is included in the panel of five markers dedicated to the diagnosis of CCR microsatellite instability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism and genetic diversity of the BAT25 marker in CRC cases in Senegal. This prospective study was performed on 22 CRC patients. After DNA extraction, the polymorphism and genetic diversity of BAT25 was determined by PCR and sequencing. The alignment of the sequences was carried out using Bio Edit software. The parameters of the polymorphism and genetic variability were determined using the Dnasp, Mega and the Arelquin programs. The results showed a genetic variability of BAT25. This variability is represented by mutations observed in the tumor tissues. The most frequent mutation was the deletion of a thymine at position 72 (T72d). This deletion was absent in healthy tissues and controls. From this study, it can be concluded that the mutations found in the tumor tissues could have a role in the onset, development and progression of CRC.
    Keywords: Colorectal cancer, microsatellite, BAT25, polymorphism
  • Olujide Soyele, Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah*, Abdurrazaq Taiwo, Adebayo Ibikunle, Micah Gbotolorun Pages 187-193
    Fibrous dysplasia (FD) belongs to a group of lesions known as fibro osseous lesions (FOL) whereby normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue containing abnormal bone or cementum. FOL are the most frequent and the most difficult lesions to diagnose, as they share overlapping spectrum of clinicopathological, radiological, and immunological characteristics. In this retrospective study of 134 maxillofacial FD cases diagnosed histologically in the department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology during the period of 1970 to 2009 at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos, haematoxylin and eosin, as well as Masson’s trichrome, and AgNOR staining were used to confirm the diagnosis of FD. FD cases represented 44.4% of FOL seen during the study period. FD was most commonly found in the age group of 10-19 years, where 69 cases (51.5%) were observed with a mean age of 18.85± 7.22 years. FD was observed more frequently in females with a female to male ratio of 1.44: 1. A relatively high proportion of mixed bone trabeculae was present in FD. FD was more commonly observed in the maxilla. Mixed bone trabeculae pattern seems to be a better predictor of FD.
    Keywords: AgNOR staining, fibrous dysplasia, fibro osseous lesions, mixed bone trabeculae
  • Mehrnoush Eskandari Torbaghan*, Amir Lakziyan, Ali Reza Astaraei, Amir Fotovat, Hossein Besharati Pages 194-202
    Strains with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity can cause plant growth on stress condition. In the presence of bacteria with the ability of ACC deaminase production in the rhizosphere, it is possible to convert the ethylene precursor (ACC) to α-ketobutyrate and ammonium, reducing the ethylene levels in host plants. In order to measure the power and level of ACC deaminase production in halophilic, alkalophilic and haloalkalophilic microbial isolates, soil samples were collected from six different areas of Khorasan Razavi Province and bacterial isolates were separated and purified. The haloalkalophiles isolates showed the maximum ACC deaminase production (0.4374 mM) among the three groups of isolates, followed by alkalophiles isolates (0.241 mM) and halophiles (0.0848 mM). Equations to predict the concentration of ACC deaminase production were only significant in the halophilic isolates (probability level= 1.0) under the effect of electrical conductivity and pH at 0.01 probability level. Also, the multiple regression analysis for predicting ACC deaminase production by isolates had significant performance in low concentrations, while at higher concentrations of the enzyme other factors were effective in ACC deaminase production. The higher ACC deaminase productivity power of haloalkalophilic isolates makes them interesting for basic biotechnology studies.
    Keywords: Stressed ethylene, salinity stress, ACC deaminase, haloalkalophilic bacteria
  • Susan Abdelkareem Adam Hassan, Shamielhaj Alssafi Bakhiet* Pages 203-208
    The purposes of the present study were to screen the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus to produce antibacterial compounds using different growth parameters namely, pH, temperature, agitation and time of fermentation and investigate the effect of the yield against bacterial isolates. A. fumigatus was isolated from arable lands in Sudan and identified macroscopically and microscopically. The pure fungal culture was inoculated in fermentation medium with different growth parameters. The fungal metabolites were extracted in intervals of 7, 8, and 9 days incubation period. No yield was observed at pH values of 6 and 8. A relatively high yield of active compounds was observed at pH 7, agitation speed of 75 rpm and 7 days contact time, while the highest yield was exhibited at
    pH 7, agitation speed of 100 rpm and 8 days contact time. These metabolites were investigated for their inhibitory effects against indicator bacterial species. All indicator bacterial species showed resistance to 2.5% concentration of the crude extract. The 5% crude extract concentration exhibited small inhibitory effect (8 mm) against Salmonella typhimurium, moderate inhibitory effect (19 mm) against Listeria monocytogenes and high inhibitory effect (25 mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pronounced inhibitory effect was observed with 10% concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40 mm) followed by Listeria monocytogenes (30 mm). A moderate inhibitory effect of the 10% crude extract was observed with Salmonella typhimurium (13 mm). The indicator bacteria Staphylococcus aureus showed resistance to all tested concentrations. The present study show that the growth parameters affect the yield but not the viability of Aspergillus fumigatus. The fungal metabolites have antibacterial effects.
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, optimization, antibacterial activity
  • Harendra Kumar Devarai, Oruganti Sai Koushik, Puttagunta Srinivasa Babu, Ramadoss Karthikeyan* Pages 209-212
    Aerva lanata is broadly utilized in urinary issues in Southern part of India as a source of Pashana bheda. A member of Amaranthaceae that is normally known as Gorakha ganja, it is usually located on mountains as weed. Many researches have been carried out to elicit the diuretic and anti-urolithic interest of this plant. It also has been verified for other pharmacological activities like anti-helminthic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-diarrheal, and analgesic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata for their anti-tubercular activity. The anti-tubercular activity of both extracts of Aerva lanata has been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H73Rv strain using microplate alamar blue assay (MABA). The activity was documented within MIC range of 0.8 to 100 μg/ml. The results of MABA showed that the dichloromethane extract exhibited remarkable anti-tubercular activity with a MIC comparable to streptomycin. It is recommended to isolate the specific phytochemicals responsible for anti-tubercular activity as an alternative source of drug to treat tuberculosis.
    Keywords: Aerva lanata leaves, anti-tubercular activity, microplate alamar blue assay