نشریه علوم و فناوری پسته
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Pistachio has many nutrients that changed in various stages of kernel development. Pistachio nut used dry normally because of the physical structure and the lack of appropriate methods for keeping fresh fruit and fresh consumption is limited to the harvest season. In this study, the changes in some qualitative indicators Ahmdaqaii pistachio in five stages of fruit development and its storage in five layers plastic bags on freezing temperature with vacuum conditions were studied. The results showed the improvement of the nutritional value at ripening stage. The amount of fat (57.6%) and protein (23.5%) in the fourth stage and carbohydrates (14.22%) in the fifth stage of harvest were maximum. With kernel development, amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid (58.04%) was increased, whereas saturated fatty acids declined with maturity advancement (11.49%). Despite the amount of kernel calcium (149 mg/kg) and mesocarp (73 mg/kg), the kernel nitrogen (3.83%) and mesocarp (1.41%) was uptrend during development. The results of storage harvested pistachios at -18 °C indicated pistachio appearance characteristics, endocarp and kernel were not acceptability in first, second and third stage of harvest. But flavor and texture of kernel in this stage of harvest were better than forth stage of harvest. Although water loss and off flavor is one of the disadvantages of frost temperature, pistachios harvested in the fourth stage have final accept. According to the results, the fourth phase of harvest has the highest quality pistachio that coincides with the 70 percent of ripening. Therefore, we can suggest this stage of ripening for the best time to harvest and storage of Ahmadaqaii pistachio in Rafsanjan geographic area.

This study was conducted to identify and prioritize extension and educational needs of Pistachio’s growers in Rafsanjan Township. The research was descriptive and correlative and survey method was used. The statistical population was included all Pistachio growers cooperatives membership and non-membership in Rafsanjan Township. Using Cochran’s formula and stratified proportional random sampling technique, 270 Pistachio growers were selected as sample. A questionnaire was used for data collection which its face validity was confirmed based on opinions of a panel of agricultural extension and education experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in pre-test stage )0.86 ≥ α ≥ 0.94). The results showed marketing, irrigation, planting, processing, harvest and post-harvest educational needs were at first to the sixth rank, respectively. Results of mean comparison test showed that there were significant differences between educational needs mean of Pistachio producers based on their job, participating in educational training, membership in cooperative, educational level and communication level. According to the results, it is necessary to pay attention to the Pistachio producers’ needs of marketing, irrigation, planting, processing, harvest and post-harvest, respectively in designing and implementing of the training programs. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the Pistachio producers’ personal and professional characteristics in implementing training programs. In addition, it suggests using theoretical training methods such as informal discussion, questioning and problem solving in marketing educational courses and demonstration methods in processing and post-harvest training.

In order to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid and nitrogen on the length of root system and micronutrients concentration of pistachio seedlings in saline conditions (cv. Badami Zarand), a factorial greenhouse experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of two salinity levels (0 and 1200 mg NaCl per kg soil), two nitrogen levels (0 and 150 mg N kg-1 soil as NH4No3) and two levels of gibberellic acid hormone (0 and 75 mg l-1). Results showed that although salinity significantly decreased the length of root system, the application of 75 mg per liter gibberellic acid in this saline conditions increased the length of root system 36 percent compared to control. Also, the application of 75 mg per liter gibberellic acid in saline conditions increased the concentration of Cu, Zn and Fe in shoot by 58, 44 and 65 percent, respectively. Combined application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid increased the concentration of Cu and Fe in shoot more than 2 folds compared to control. Also, combined application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid increased Cu and Zn concentrations more than 2 folds and Fe concentration increased 52 percent compared to control. The results also showed that in saline conditions, the highest concentrations of Cu, Mn and Fe by shoot and Zn by root was observed with the combination of nitrogen and gibberellic acid. According to the results, in the end of it can be concluded that the combination application of nitrogen and gibberellic acid was more effective in reducing the detrimental effects of salinity than the use of these treatments alone.

Comparative advantage is one of the important economic criterions in production, import and export programming. Kerman province is one of the main sectors of production of horticultural crops. By strengthening production and export of various products, the province can be a powerful presence in the international trade. In this study, multistage cluster sampling method was used for sampling and questioning. Gardeners covered a sample of the population centers were selected based on the method, 54 pistachio producers, 42 almond producer and 38 walnut producers were selected. Using the collected data to evaluate the comparative advantage of producing pistachio, walnut and almond crops in the 2009-2010 year in Kerman province by domestic relative cost index and policy analysis matrix. Considering the DRC that for pistachio, walnuts, almonds, respectively, 0.45, 0.6 and 0.27 respectively, the production of these products have a comparative advantage, in accordance with the classification criteria DRC to the production of almonds, pistachios and walnuts must be prioritized. The nominal support coefficient for input was calculated for all products smaller than one, the nominal support coefficient for input was calculated for all products smaller than one, Based on the results of policy analysis matrices in the domestic market conditions, market profits have been observed for the manufacturers of the products concerned, and resources have been used efficiently in the production of products. Production costs are one of the most important factors affecting the comparative advantages of the products. In order to reduce them, it is necessary to optimize the use of inputs and to use new technologies in the field of planting and harvesting.Considering the comparative advantage of pistachio, walnut and almond products, recommended to developing crop production. One of the main obstacles is the introduction of scarce water, and the logical solution to this problem is the use of advanced irrigation systems, reducing water consumption and increasing water efficiency. In addition, along with the development of cultivation, government policies do not indirectly reduce domestic prices and the product can maintain its profitability and relative advantage.

Pistachio root and crown rot disease is one of the most important soil-borne diseases. Rapid detection of pathogens in different sources is a crucial stage in effective disease management strategies. Detection and molecular identification of Phytophthora drechsleri from infected water, soil and plant tissue were performed based on specific amplification fragments of rDNA-ITS region using the primer set DF2/DR2. Sampling and isolation were done during the year 2010-2011 from pistachio orchards in Rafsanjan and Anar regions of Kerman province, Iran. A total number of 46 isolates of P.drechsleri and 17 isolates of Phytophthora citrophthora were obtained and identified using selective media method. Sensitivity and specificity of the primer sets were studied using 15 predominant P. drechsleri isolates, 25 Phytophthora spp. and other closely pistachio soil-borne fungi. The results showed, this primer set is specific for detection of P. drechsleri and produced 567bp amplicon but there was no cross-reaction with other pistachio soil-borne fungal tested. In sensitivity test, the detection limit was 100pg of P. drechsleri pure genomic DNA in conventional PCR. As few as 17×103 ml-1 pure P. drechsleri zoospores (85 zoospores) could be detected by the primer set DF2/DR2. Amplification of genomic DNA extracted DNA from infected soil samples were also resulted in production of a 567 bp species specific band. The primers could not detect the target directly from infected pistachio tissue due to the presence of inhibitory compounds but the detection was successful from baiting method using apple fruit inoculated with infected soil and plant tissue after three days. However, the detection system proved to be accurate and sensitive and could help in pathogen detection but also could be used as part of disease control strategy.

This research investigates pistachio consumption in the domestic market and managerial ways of its improvement. Factors affecting pistachio consumption investigated by employing appropriate functional model, correlation coefficient and Analysis of variances. Statistical society of research include all pistachio consumers in Kerman province and Tehran. Data were collected from 480 sample by using research questionnaire and interviewing pistachio consumers, employing simple random sampling. Results showed that pistachio selling price, recognition of varieties in respect to grade and quality, family expenses, packaging and prices of substitute produces are the main factors affecting consumption in pistachio domestic market. Correlation coefficient for per capita consumption of pistachio with other research variables is positive which indicate that pistachio consumption in domestic market is growing. For Kerman province price elasticity of pistachio roasted, pistachio shred, powder, ghavout and mixednuts show that these products are luxury. For Tehran province price elasticity of pistachio varieties, its substitute and complementary products show that these products are luxury.