مجله بلاغت کاربردی و نقد بلاغی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1397)

The use of environmental symbols in the field of Persian literature has a long history. In Persian poetry, animal and plant symbols are abundant. Many of these symbols are used to explain the poets' individual realities or imaginations.Animal and plant symbols in Reza Barahani's poems are environmentally friendly and ecological, and are unique in their application. In the present article, it has been attempted to use the descriptive-analytic method to introduce the use of these symbols and its relation to the ecocriticism of the poetry.The following questions are answered: How are animal and plant symbols interpreted in poetry, and whether these symbols are used to explain environmental characteristics, or that human beings have used the use of these symbols as the poet's criterion. For this purpose, firstly, how the animal and vegetation symbols are applied, then the symbols are analyzed from the angle of ecocriticism in poetry. The findings show that humans in the poetry are defeated by nature, and "subversive humanism" dominates the rhetoric of animal and plant symbols.

"Islamic rhetoric", in its evolution, has indebted to the efforts of the great scholars from second century. As the Grammar Science built on the words of Quran, foundations of "Islamic rhetoric" also based on that dear book. Explaining the miracle of the Quran is the most important object of "Islamic rhetoric" and the destination of authors of the rhetorical books. In this regard, the book "Al-sanatein" of Abuhelal al-Hasan ibn Abdullah, has a special place and importance. According to Abuhelal said, this book was written to understand the rhetorical miracle of the Quran, and also a compensation for the shortcomings of the book "Bayan and Al-tabyin" of Jahiz. To be clear, the book describes about rhetoric and manner of speech and eloquence, amidst the books, are so scattered and finding one of them needs a long time to search. The result of abuhelal’s effort, was helpful and constant, and today by using his book, we can easily be accustomed to the rhetorical miracle of the Quran. So in this paper we discuss about the rhetorical of Quran’s verses according to the book "Al-sanatein" of Abuhelal.

Semiotic analysis of discourse, especially literary discourse, is driving literature towards being dynamic and applicability. This method is a sensory-perceptual, free-flowing, aesthetic and unstable process which has got shaped suddenly passing through a program-oriented method and in the presence of a human agent and is situated in the way of meaning production. It creates an artistic, sensory, and aesthetic process which fails to result in a definite and pre-determined conclusion. The sudden and emotional presence of actan makes a tensional and aesthetic atmosphere in the process of creating meaning. In semiotics sense, perception, tension, emotion and cooperation leads to the creation and development of meaning. This method contrary to program-oriented and narrative method does not function mechanically, but it has an unexpected and sudden aspect. So it leads to no definite and constant conclusion. In other words, it does not function in a certain and given way to lead to a pre-determined conclusion and there is a tensional and unstable ruling on the meaning. In this paper, I will analyze the "Sureh-ye Tamasha" by Sohrab Sepehri from the semiotic approach, to answer this question if Sepehri has a emotional, tensional, creates the aesthetic, free-flowing and plural meaning in this poem.

Exaggeration received more attention of poets from the time of poem reciting and for this reason many poets and litterateur considered it. But Ibn _ Ghutaibeh was the first person who has used this style. This method has another names which are exaggeration, hyperbole and magnification. But some poets accept it and some of them reject it. Some of them say that this style causes discourse beautification and some poets says that exaggeration is the reason of poet,s inability. This article investigates the history of this style and its relations with another rhetoric methods and the findings of this article explains that although it has another expressions among poets but all of them consider it with the same concept. Also it became clear that this style increases the beauty of works with another styles such as similarity, metaphor, irony, prolixity and shortness. These styles not only cause the beautification but also they have important roles in the meaning denotation.

Pragmatism culture considers literature as an effectual and the most beautiful kind of speech. The speech which not only has beauty and elegance but also has all the connection functions and responsibilities of language. So persuasion technique as final point of any kind speech is considered under category of functional linguistic as lingual speech science. Whereas literal application more than mere and hypothesis applications represent functional language usage in speech.in this study we want to investigate language tactics of persuading in Divan of Arab famous poet who is master of language architecture. High place of Motenabbi in language and presence of language strategies in his Divan shows that the poet has used persuading language elements and the most important of them are repetition and poetic harmony methods such as balance and tasrie to transfer most of the motivations and feelings to addressers for fixing and emphasizing of meaning. Also repetition and its wide direction from speech aesthetic and speech persuasion aspects have more usage than others language methods in poet Divan.

Reggae is an aggressive discourse between the two rivals that replaces the action. The actor seeks to overcome the opponent by saying that he is the successor to the war, or a strong introduction to it. In this way, two important criticisms of pride and self-righteousness, rival condemnation, and humiliation of race as a discursive prosthesis are raised. Prosthetic implication is an expression trick with the role of protecting the actor. This paper seeks to investigate Rajaz in the Shahnameh and the story of Rostam and Esfandiar based on the discourse's prosthesis theory and show that, with regard to the semantic signification, regex finds a functional prosthesis and instead of entering the process of action, in a pre-discursive discourse process with The protozoal feature is placed and the expression system is the successor to action. The hero tries to defeat Brahma by rehearsing before the battle begins, or until its foundation. So, with the prosthetic function of Rejz, the replacement for the main action is the physical battle. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the function of Projection Rajaz as a counterweight to the analysis of how to expand the pre-war discourse system. Regazh as a discursive prosthesis is an appropriate setting for developing a space of self-defense against the enemy without entering into action, through a podium. Therefore, the pitch will act like a halo to be able to replace or replace it, or if it enters the process, it will affect it.