فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

Educational or academic alienation as one of the forms of alienation mean the separation of students from the learning process and the experience of isolation from a school or college group that a person must belong to it or involved in it. The present study tries to analyze the relationship Hysteresis between internal academic field and alienation among Mazandaran University was academic. The present study tries to analyze the academic alienation. The method is survey and questionnaire was used for collecting data. Statistical population consists of all students of the University of Mazandaran in the academic year 94-95 .we selected 390 students by Cochran formula as sample with classified sampling. The theoretical framework of this study is the theory of Bourdieu's incompatibility (Hysteresis). After collecting the data, the research hypothesis examined in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and AMOS packages. According to the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient between internal university field (restricting norms, weak educational sociability) with dependent variable (academic alienation), there is a positive and direct impact. With the theoretical model test research of structural equation methods (AMOS), it was also internal academic field, accompanied their indexes, and could show % 40.of independent variable (academic alienation) changes.

Having unity, mutual acceptance and tolerance, lack of humiliating behaviors among ethnic and religious groups as well as bridging gaps and social distance are important issues particularly for institutes and cultural references, specially religious one in all ages and countries. Because the solidarity between these groups not only is necessary for improvement of human being life but also maintains border identity and integrity of each and every country. The aim of this research is to illustrate the relation between the level of religiosity and the social distance of Muslims and Christians in Tehran, with a considerable emphasis on tolerance.The theory framework is based on collective theories of Durkeim, Robertz and Alport.The statistical society includes Muslims and Christians over 18 years old who reside in Tehran.The survey method is used for this research. Data gathering has been performed from 204 individuals (cluster selected sample) and has been analyzed via SPSS software. The results show that there is direct relation between the level of religiosity and social distance between Muslims and Christians, while between the level of tolerance and social distance there is an inverse relation. Based on regression results, the level of social tolerance has the most effect on social distance. Additionally the level of religiosity and the type of religion are significant factors on social distance. Consequently all variables show 49 percent of social distance changes.

The aim of this article is sociological reflection the traditional left's approach to "development" in Iran's post war period(1988–2005).The research is the Case Study one and focus on sazman mojahedin enghelab eslami; One of the most important and ideological party in Iran's reformist movement. before Khatami's election in 1997,This organization is critic of economic adjustment policy. Turn into the legal opposition, the Soviet collapse and the crisis of leftist ideology, social and cultural changes in Iran and the rise of new values and and new social forces and dealing with new intellectual debate changes sazeman's approach to development.
After this election, The organization becomes a reformist party and gives priority to the modernization of political order( political development, The rule of law, civil society and etc) .This approach has broad implications in the theory and in the the political and social practices. This article examines the process.
After this election, The organization becomes a reformist party and gives priority to the modernization of political order( political development, The rule of law, civil society and etc) .This approach has broad implications in the theory and in the the political and social practices. This article examines the process.

This study examines the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran about time through “calendar”. Governments all over the world need to have clear boundaries to define their “identity” and gain legitimacy; furthermore they should find and demonstrate their origins in time. Calendar is a place for representing the politics of time. There are some signs that inform us of special policies that Iran’s revolutionary state have for calendar like continuos changes of calendar, inflation of special days in it and monitoring the changes of it.
My theoretical approach includes: Durkheimian difference between sacred and profane time, Hallbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Hobsbawm’s theory of invention of tradition.
I use historical and documentary methods for gathering the information. Research results indicate that calendar policies focused on our society’s “past”. This special approach about history represent a narrative of it which is based on the interests of particular groups and individuals.
My theoretical approach includes: Durkheimian difference between sacred and profane time, Hallbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Hobsbawm’s theory of invention of tradition.
I use historical and documentary methods for gathering the information. Research results indicate that calendar policies focused on our society’s “past”. This special approach about history represent a narrative of it which is based on the interests of particular groups and individuals.

Academic alienation refers to emotional or cognitive separation from various aspect of the educational context such as the process of education and learning, campus, professors, other students and sense of separation from scientific production and briefly ideal homo-academic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of academic alienation among students of the University of Isfahan and some of its determinants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of academic alienation among students of the University of Isfahan and some of its determinants. This research has been done paradigm in the positivistic framework and survey method on undergraduate and graduate students in different fields as well. Academic alienation measured in five dimensions: powerlessness, meaninglessness, anomie, cynicism and social isolation, and the findings show that the average of academic alienation of students is slightly above average and the degree of feeling of powerlessness and cynicism is more than other aspects. The results also show that interaction with professors, academic motivation and Attitude of significant other towards education has a direct impact and Satisfaction of major, attitude towards career future and educational self-concept has the indirect impact on reducing student's academic alienation. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations are provided for policy making.

The attitude of Tehran’s couples related to childbearing with emphasis determinant of socio-cultural capitals. Considering the significant role of social and cultural capital components,the present research was designed by the aim to investigate the attitudes of couples in marriage to childbearing pay in Tehran.for the purpose of research, survey and questionnaires were used. according to the multi-stage stratified sampling ,400 couples who referred to health centers in Tehran were selected as sample. Theoretical framework based on Bourdio and Patnam. the variables used to explain attitudes toward childbearing are:social trust, social support, social participation, network of social relations, social networks, consumption of cultural products, institutional cultural capital and embodied cultural capital. regression analysis showed that studied variables explain about 15 percent of the changes in attitudes toward childbearing. path analysis also showed that the most important determinant of attitudes toward childbearing is social participation variable with beta coefficient 0/329, and after this variable, the variables of social networks, institutional cultural capital and embodied cultural capital have the highest share in the attitudes of couples toward childbearing in Tehran.
Key words: attitude, fertility, social trust, social support, social participation, network of social relations, social networks, consumption of cultural products, institutional cultural capital and embodied cultural capital, couples in marriage, Tehran.

Public institutions are not the only agents who take part in the process of urban governance. Focusing on two other institutions namely NGOs and city councils, this research probes the issue of participation. Throughout the study, NGOs stands for civil society and city councils represents local government. In this regard, governance approach emphasises on the relations between local government, private sectors and civil society. It shows that informal groups, private actors and volunteers would participate in the urban management if there were any independent public sphere available. The aim of this research is to study the way in which people participate in the above mentioned process. To do so, we will concentrate on different districts of Tehran, namely 6, 7, 11, and 12 districts. we drew on qualitative research as the method and conducted 11 in-depth interviews with people from varied NGOs and 8 people from city councils of the above 4 districts.
The result shows that there is no significant constructive relation between NGOs and city councils, on the one hand, and between these two and the public institutions on the other hand. Neither is there any proper context for the NGOs and city councils with considerable expertise to participate in the urban affairs. One can also witness the decreasing sense of belonging to the neighborhood even within the traditional districts such as 11 and 12. The paper argues that part of this is due to the increasing rate of social problems and decaying social capital. Furthermore, the massive wave of immigration takes role in disappearing of this sense of belonging. This situation, in turn, tore apart the basis for citizen participation. Accordingly, it became clear that the participation was exhausted to writing letters to the officials. With the deep distrust to the officials, these letters most of the time do not help solving problems.