Preservation of Constitution by Judges of Courts with Emphasis on Article 170 of the Constitution

The constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran is silent about the constitutional supervision of judges of courts over ordinary laws. But Article 170 of the constitution has provided the judicial supervision of judges of courts over governmental regulations and bylaws. The aforesaid Article states: "The judges of courts shall abstain from execution of governmental regulations and bylaws which are in contrast with Islamic laws and rules or out of jurisdiction of executive branch…." It seems that the judicial supervision of judges of courts can include the judges of ordinary courts, the judges of Administrative JusticeCourt, and the judges of councils of dispute settlements. Also, that the judicial supervision of judges is not limited to regulations and bylaws of executive branch, rather, it also includes the regulations and bylaws of other State institutions, except what has been excluded by article 12 of Act ofAdministrative Justice Court. It seems word "laws" in Article 170 of the constitution, include constitution and ordinary law. Also, judges have the jurisdiction of constitutional supervision over third degree norms same which they have the jurisdiction of legal supervision over them.