Development and Validation of Resilience Scale in Patients with Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases

Resilience is defined as skills, abilities, knowledge, and insight that people gain over time to overcome problems and hardships and cope with challenges.
Due to the lack of a gold standard to measure resilience, the current study aimed at designing and validating a resilience scale in Patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
The current methodological study was conducted in 2016 in 3 consequential phases. In the first phase, the concept of resilience was defined and analyzed in patients with chronic physical diseases using hybrid concept analysis. In the second phase, based on the findings obtained in the phase 1, the item pool was generated. In the third phase, in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tools, 375 patients in public places of Tehran, Iran, were selected using the multistage cluster sampling method to complete the scales.
Based on the results of the content analysis, the primary item pool included 142 items, which was reduced to 57 items by excluding the repetitive and combining the overlapping ones. After administering face validity, content validity, and item analysis, a total of 30 items remained. The exploratory factor analysis, by eliminating 1 item, indicated five 5, explaining 65% of the total variance, and the Kaiser - Meyer - Olkin (KMO) index was 0.949, showing a significant difference (P = 0.0001). Discriminant validity showed that patients with higher education were more resilient. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the final version of the 29 - item scale was 0.943.
The 29 - item resilience scale was a simple, valid, and reliable tool to measure resilience in patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.