PhD in Curriculum, Planning and Member of Research Institute of Education

English]The present article aims at describing and criticizing the theories of chaos and complexity. Therefore, the "Critical Philosophical Exploration" method was used. The statistical population comprised all books, articles, studies, and research pertaining to the subject that was selected with purposive sampling and the maximum probable sources. The data required were collected through notetaking and analyzed by verbal and logical inference. According to the research findings, chaos theory is the science of studying complex, dynamic, nonlinear, non-equilibrium systems, and complexity theory is the science of study, description, and explanation of the behavior of complex adaptive systems characterized by butterfly effect, unknown attractors, self-similarity, emergence, feedback loops, inequality, self-organization, nesting, networking, holism, nonlinearity, and unpredictability. These theories are considered a scientific theory by Kuhn's conception, a science by the concept of soft sciences, and a paradigm because of questioning the paradigm of modernism and presenting alternative assumptions.