The Relationship between Science and Democracy in the Contemporary Studies and Philosophy of Science

Modern science and democracy, as the main elements of modernity, had been compounded by the strengthening of each other's components. But the late decades of the twentieth century, for beginning of social protests against the science policy, in the same time, the formation of historical and social turns in the philosophy of science, - Which undermined the realism and objectivity of scientific knowledge- led to the formation of tension between science and democracy. On the one hand, Democrats wanted to interfere in scientific activity by contributing to the definition of goals, trends, and policy-making; and on the other hand, by elaborating the aspects of science, the elites demanded that the public not be involved. This paper seeks to apply the conceptual framework derived from the dual meaning of science, including institutional science and scientific knowledge, and democracy, including democracy as method and as value, to describe and explain the interactions of science and democracy. In order to do, after looking at the history of the tension, the most important works on science and democracy have been studied; and through the conceptualization, the systematic and comprehensive categorization and explanation of these relationships has been presented. We will end the paper by concluding that despite the triumph of democracy in the field of institutional science, still, with the supremacy of realism in scientific knowledge, the democratic method does not enter into scientific knowledge