The effect of piggyback transportation (kulbari) phenomenon on the spread of smuggling in the country

Due to geopolitical conditions and proximity to several countries, the western regions of the country have been targeted by the phenomenon of smuggled goods and currency. In the meantime, illegal and sometimes legal piggyback carriers (kulbars) provide smuggled goods for various reasons, including distance from the center, economic poverty, and mountainous and difficult regional conditions. The aim of the study is to measure the impact of the piggyback transportation phenomenon on the spread of the smuggling of goods in the country and in the city of Baneh as a case study. The general goal is to identify the factors that create and spread smuggling of goods in the form of piggyback transportation as a systemic problem in the western borders of the country.
This research is descriptive and applied in terms of purpose and follows survey research in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is kulbars from Kurdistan province of Iran. In this study, Cochran’s formula was used to obtain the sample size. Therefore, the number of samples in this study was determined to be 150 people who were randomly selected and a questionnaire was distributed among them.
 The method of data collection in the first step is documentary and in the second step is a survey that is done in the field through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed according to the opinions of 5 experts with minor changes. In the reliability test of the mentioned questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used by two halving methods. Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire was 0.872 and was thus confirmed.
In this research, factor analysis, which is one of the multivariate statistical methods and in fact as a theoretical test model, was used, followed by structural equation modeling as well as structural equation modeling based on the least squares (PLS) method. Finally, the normality test of predictor variables in the model through Amos software was used to test the data Conclusion.

In Hypothesis 1: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.915 has a direct and significant effect on the hurting of domestic industries.
In Hypothesis 2: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.989 has a direct and significant effect on the insecurity of the western borders of the country.
In Hypothesis 3: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.628 has a direct and significant effect on changes in the price of smuggled goods.
Finally, in Hypothesis 4: piggyback transportation at the rate of 0.657 has a direct and significant effect on domestic production.
Based on the above, solutions were presented in the fields of 1- economic 2- cultural, social and scientific, 3- political, supervisory and disciplinary, and the executive proposals of the researcher have also been determined.