The Patterns of Persian Gardens ‘Design Considering to Attributes of Hot and Arid Desert Climate (BWhs) - Case Studies: Dolatabad and Fin Gardens

The desert arid climate (Bwhs) is one of the hottest and driest climatic regions in the world and paying attention to its climatic features in architecture and landscape design can be the effective role in modifying the environmental conditions of this region. Many scholars believe that traditional architecture of Iran has responded to many environmental obstacles for millennia. The Persian garden, as a symbol and paradigm of historical landscape, has had many climatic design strategies in the hot and arid desert land of the Central Plateau of Iran, which include decreasing the temperature, increasing humidity and controlling hot and dusty winds. In the country that contains the large areas of the hot and arid deserts, gardens as the microclimates play the key roles in modifying environmental conditions and meeting the comfort of residents. Utilizing of natural materials, applying the appropriate methods in irrigation and planting systems and using the water and plants in order to create passive cooling strategies in these gardens, the Persian garden has unique features that distinguish it from the gardens of other nations. Climatic criteria in the three main systems of Persian garden design such as, water supply and irrigation, planting and building construction include the respect for the ecosystem and its protection, improving living conditions and optimizing energy consumption. Thus, the use of climatic design strategies in the architecture of natural and built elements of the Persian garden, in landscape and urban green spaces design can create environmental comfort. In order to achieve climatic principles and strategies in architecture and urban design, the present study tries to find the appropriate climatic strategies in landscape design by using the experiences of the Persian garden architecture in hot and arid desert regions to be able to adapt to the current needs of society and create pleasant environment.This paper concentrates to compare the characteristics of Dolatabad and Fin gardens that located in hot and arid desert cities of Yazd and Kashan with the climatic features of these areas. While studying the natural (water and plants) and built (pavilions) elements of these gardens and comparing them with each other, the effects of these patterns on the local climate are analyzed. The main purpose of the present paper is to apply climatic patterns in the design of gardens in hot and arid regions and the hypothesis of this research is as follows:"Climatic characteristics are the effective factors in the creation of Dolatabad and Fin gardens in hot and arid desert climate (BWhs)."The selected research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical, which according to the type of research, study and data collection are the combination of these two qualitative and quantitative methods. In the analysis and inference phase, it is qualitative and the hypothesis of this research is proved through the data of grounded theory retrieved from the data of selected gardens and analyzing them.Data are collected in two parts that included library studies and document analysis of Dolatabad and Fin gardens from the physical aspects. These gardens are selected by sampling method, which are analyzed based on compliance with climatic conditions that are the criteria for measurement in this study. Finally, the design principles of the selected gardens are compared and evaluated comparatively based on climate design strategies in qualitative and quantitative methods.In general, the research is carried out in five main steps as follows:-Climatic characteristics and objectives in hot and arid regions-Climatic strategies in garden design in hot and arid regions.- Criteria and process of sampling and selection of studied gardens- The compliance of selected gardens (Dolatabad and Fin) with climatic conditions of hot and arid desert areas (BWhs).- A Comparative study between selected gardens (Dolatabad and Fin) and climatic design approach in hot and arid desert areas.A comparative study of the characteristics of these gardens with the factors of the local climate and with each other with a climatic approach shows that the design principles of the gardens of Dolatabad and Fin are in accordance with the climatic conditions of hot and arid desert regions (BWhs). The similarities and differences of climates in local scale have led to similarities and differences between these two gardens.