Truth and Infallibility in Nishida's "Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity Logic" and Mulla Sadra's "Formal-Intuitive Logic"

The Ultimate goal of philosophizing, at least in classical philosophy, is to receive infallible truth. Philosophers with different points of view and intellectual bases try to build a structure to receive the truth. Nishida, the Japanese philosopher of the Zen school, considers the acquisition of truth based on a view that he calls "the logic of absolutely contradictory self-identity". On the other hand, Mulla Sadra also presents the perception of infallible truth in a point of view that the authors refer to as "formal-intuitive logic". Researchers believe that the understanding of Nishida's point of view depends on the knowledge of its three bases, which are: Zen philosophy and koans, the difference between formal and contradictory concepts, and absolute nothingness. Nishida and Mulla Sadra both believe in the flawed structure of formal logic and consider it incomplete to reach the truth. They consider perception not as mere passivity, but as a matter of action and execution. Mulla Sadra considers proof as the beginning of reaching the truth and intuition as its end. Nishida, however, mentions the concept of "action-intuition" and emphasizes that we see facts in this way and act accordingly. He considers action-intuition to be the unity of the contradictions of religion and action. Nevertheless, Nishida strictly avoids that his view acquires a mystical or religious flavor and rejects intuition as a passive state of mind or a kind of trance. On the other hand, Mulla Sadra considers intuition as receiving the truth through the connection of the soul with the abstract world and at the highest levels of mysticism. In this article, the researchers try to answer the basic questions of this research with a qualitative and analytical-descriptive method based on library studies, focusing on the first-hand works of Mulla Sadra and Nishida.