Traditional intellectuals of modernity in the Pahlavi era; Background of the formation of the Islamic Revolution

Gramsci's theory opened a new perspective in the study of political sociology, regardless of the value view of the concept of intellectualism. In Gramsci's sense, the acquisition of hegemony by a social force depends on the success of the four levels of traditional intellectuals, the organ, the intellectual community, and the general intellectuals. The semantic system produced by traditional intellectuals as the top of the intellectual pyramid is developed by other levels of intellectuals in society.The traditional intellectuals of modernity in the Pahlavi era are the subject of the present study. The results show that in the Pahlavi era, intellectuals and their desired semantic system can be divided into three categories; The intellectuals of the first Pahlavi era, such as Foroughi, Taghizadeh, and Teymourtash, who had a maximalist view and focused on eliminating rival social forces, namely religion and the tribal system, by producing a semantic system based on "archaism and Iranianism." The second group of intellectuals 1332-1322 who sought to revive the "constitutional monarchy" and Mossadegh and Makki are representatives of this spectrum. The third group of failed intellectuals after the 28 Mordad coup d'état such as Jalal al-Ahmad, Bazargan and Shariati, who were forced to abandon the original semantic system and in a rotation of one hundred and eighty degrees after half a century, were absorbed in the semantic system of the Shiite religion. Concepts such as "return to self" contributed to the success of the 1979 Islamic Revolution discourse.