Analysis of Spatial-Physical Changes of Urban Squares in Islamic Cities; Case Study: Martyrs' Square in Beirut, Marjah Square in Damascus, and Taksim Square in Istanbul

Urban squares are valuable parts of urban heritage. There has always been a center called the square linked to the government's fate, the people, and the history of that land in every country. In this regard, the analysis of various components affecting the emergence of urban squares as a public space in Islamic countries is a topic that is addressed in this study. The critical role of squares in cities' structure highlights the importance of recognizing the stages of their development and evolution to properly understand Islamic countries' urban structure and generalize its results. Therefore, With the aim of profoundly understanding the importance of the square in Islamic cities' structure, This study seeks to answer how squares have become the beating heart of Islamic cities after their emergence and spatial-physical changes? Using the descriptive-analytical research method, Martyrs' Square in Beirut, Marjah Square in Damascus, and Taksim Square in Istanbul have been studied. Based on research, it can be concluded that Urban squares, as a new form of public space, were formed in Islamic countries in the late 19th century in response to the growth of the urban population and the political stability and economic power of the ruling government. These squares were initially located outside the old city walls, and overtime and the city's physical development, they have played an essential role in the urban structure. Finally, by providing the necessary spatial and physical context for social events' support and occurrence, they have civil and memorial meanings.