A Review on Wearable Sensors for Sodium Detection in Human Sweat

Wearable Potentiometric Ion Sensors (WPISs) have emerged as a highly promising analytical tool that amalgamates advancements in chemistry, materials science, and electronics to provide essential physiological insights during various human activities. The remarkable capability of seamlessly integrating these analytical devices into everyday wearables, such as sweatbands, patches, and garments, without causing any discomfort to the wearer, has transformed WPISs into indispensable tools for both monitoring health parameters and enhancing athletic performance. Recent research has demonstrated a significant role for WPISs in tracking critical biomarkers, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, which are present in relatively high concentrations in sweat. The utilization of these innovative devices empowers us to continuously monitor patients' well-being and optimize athletes' performance. In this comprehensive review, we delve into a plethora of studies concerning wearable sensors designed for sodium detection and explore the latest materials utilized in the development of sodium-sensing wearables.