Investigation of changes in vegetation cover using the NDVI index and its relationship with the Land surface temperature (case study: Kausar city)

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.