Linguistic equivalence in translating the novel “The Director of a School” by Jalal Al Ahmad (based on the theory of functional equivalence by Mona Baker)

Translation is not just a mechanical process that converts vocabulary from one language to another. However, it is a complex, dynamic cultural exchange that acts as a bridge between different societies, allowing them to know and understand ideas, customs, arts, and all human achievements. Accurately understanding these concepts and correctly transferring them to another language is one of the most important and difficult tasks that the translator bears. Without understanding them, the translation may lose its essence and truth or even lead to incorrect interpretations. The translator must know these expressions in any language so that he can translate them correctly. This research seeks, using the descriptive-analytical approach, to address Abdel Moneim's translation of the book "The Director of School" by Jalal Al Ahmed, the famous Iranian writer who has a unique style in Persian prose at the linguistic level. Through the research, it turns out that cultural concepts are among the most unequal in translation and cause a lot of errors in the linguistic dimension, and that the translator used multiple breaks when translating cultural concepts using the general word, the cultural alternative, the explanatory translation by formulating a related word, the explanatory translation by formulating an unrelated word, borrowing, deletion, explanation and clarification in the interview of many of them. However, he often made a mistake in conveying the meaning of these rich concepts and violated the original meaning of the source text.