Studying Hossein Monzavi’s Affectedness of Hafez’s and Saadi’s Ghazals Based on Transtextuality

Transtextuality is an approach that examines possible relationships between the text and other texts. Gérard Genet, a famous French literary theorist, and semiotician (2018 AD - 1930 AD), divided transtextuality into five categories: intertextuality, paratextuality, metatextuality, architextuality, and hypertextuality. Gérard Genet’s precision regarding the description of the characteristics of hypertextuality and intertextuality in literary texts provides the possibility for researchers to distinguish these types of texts with a high degree of confidence despite the apparent similarity of poetic evidence-- something that might not have been possible without this theory. Based on an analytical-descriptive research method, the study compares Hossein Monzavi’s ghazals with those of Hafez and Saadi firstly, to explain the extent of his affectedness from their ghazals, regarding each of the above types, and secondly, to reveal the methods that Monzavi noticed in each employment of the classical poets’ ghazals. As the results show, hypertextality is the main arena of Monzavi’s works and performances, especially its transformation type. Then, implicit intertextuality and internal authorial paratextuality are more important.