Study the basics of Civil Liability for Environmental Damages with a View on the No-Harm Rule

This descriptive analysis study examines the basis of civil liability for environmental damage in Iranian and European Union law, and assesses opinions and international court proceedings in intergovernmental litigation based on the principle of harmless use of land. One of the main achievements of the new legislation at the global level is that it has changed the basis of civil liability in this area, which in principle was subject to strict liability. Iranian law utilizes the principle of Article 50 of the Constitution and recognizes strict liability for environmental damage as an appropriate principle. Based on the guidelines approved by the European Union, it can be said that conventional civil liability law is inefficient in this direction. Only private rights and property are checked and protected, public rights are ignored. Research findings from the Advisory Opinions and international judicial precedents show that until 1997, the International Court of Justice maintained the traditional policy of prioritizing the absolute sovereignty of States in its Advisory Opinions. Moreover, even when confronted with problems of international environmental law, they are reluctant to respond, and it can be said that they have lost their sovereignty and authority in international environmental lawsuits.