The Relationship of Qaza and Qadar with Bada’ from the Perspective of Fariqain

One of the most important theological debates is the issue of scientific Qaza and Qadar (Divine Decree and Predestination) and its incompatibility with Bada’ (alteration in the divine will). Some popular scholars believe that there will never be a change in God's Qaza and Qadar because they consider this to be contrary to God's knowledge. In contrast to this group, the Imamiyyah believe in the change of God's Qaza and Qadar, because according to them, Qaza and Qadar are of two types: Absolute Qaza and Qadar; Conditional Qaza and Qadar; therefore, what the Imamiyyah believes in is the conditional Qaza and Qadar by God, which is also compatible with the doctrine of Bada’ or change of predestination. Since there is a difference of opinion among Muslim theologians about the doctrine of Bada and its connection with God's Qaza and Qadar, therefore, in this article, the views of the parties (Fariqain) on this issue have been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and based on it, it has been shown that the approach of Sunni scholars to this issue is not the same. Some of them, emphasizing the literal meaning of Bada’, consider it opposite to Qaza and Qadar, and another group of Sunni scholars, such as the Imamiyyah, divide Qaza and Qadar into two absolute and conditional types. Based on this point of view, it should occur in the conditional part and there is evidence for it in the verses and hadiths.