Literary Constitutionalists in Iran and its Historical Backgrounds

The beginning of Constitutional Revolution was simultaneous with Nasereddin Shah’s monarchy and the responsibility of poetry and literature in this movement is undeniable. As ideologies and thinking paradigms changed, the subject of literature changed thoroughly. Persian literature, which was at the service of this cultural–political movement, started one of its most energetic periods in Persian literary history. Literary figures, poets and intellectuals prepared the background for a public rising through the presentation of new ideas and undoubtedly prepared the theoretical foundation of constitutional revolution. They protested against the inferiority complex that was the result of despotism and destroyed the old social and political conception of the past. Among these figures including the writers, poets, dramatists and journalists, names such as Mirza Malkamkhan, Talibuf, Zainolabedin Maraghaee, Mirza Habib esfahani are well-known. These figures should be considered as the initiators of literary constitutionalists.