فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1395)

The Iranian geographical situation and its communicational importance was caused the various nations to connect to it. This is a reason to be called Iran as the accident highway and these occurances connect Iran with Asia. From the political, economic and cultural respect, Iran influenced by the other civilizations and influenced on vice versa. This is to be seen in the various societies up till now. These relations with the Arabs were extensive in the Arasacid period, and the role of the small Arabian kingdoms was considerable. They acted as both a relational bridge and as a fort against the nomadic Arabs and Romans. In this article it is tried to explain the Iranian and Arabian relations and the characene’s role in the Parthian period.

Periodizing Sasanian History (224-651 AD) is an important issue in studying the development and change in this important Iranian dynasty. The essential point in this periodization is a focus on legitimization methods and dominant world view in each segment of its history. The present essay will examine the ways in which Sasanian kingship was legitimized and how can this be used in a periodization of the dynasty. By dividing the Sasanian kingship into two early and late (Kayanid) holy kingships based on different methods of legitimization, and further sub-classifications, one can attempt a new periodization. The single previous study of the subject will be critically examined from a theoretical standpoint and social and economic circumstances will be taken into consideration in proposing a new theory.

With the formation of the Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) large areas with different peoples and traditions were under the command of Iran. Manage these different areas require a lot of Equipped communication roads to facilitate access to all areas of the Empire. Following the stabilization of the internal situation and to achieve this goal, Achaemenid rebuilt the foemer roads and established new ways too.Rivers and straits can be passed on with the construction of temporary and permanent bridges.They are built in this ways numerous stations for the convenience of passengers, where food, water, horses and other facilities provided to passengers because they relieve tired.In this ways military personnels were present to provide traffic safety.The main roads was known as the king's Road, was connected to each other all the capitals and important centers of the Empire.There were many secondary roads that were established connect between the other areas and the main centers.

According to the Behistun inscription report, when Darius the Great came to power, revolted different Satrapies of the Persian kingdom. Armenian satrapy revolt was one of such rebellions. Despite Researches have been conducted extensively on the history of the Achaemenid dynasty, they have another basic issues in relation to the revolt of the Armenian Satrapy which has been little studied. This article is based on historical research, relying on Behistun inscription report, intended to study affecting factors in the rise and suppression of the Armenian satrapy revolt. This research also peruse the relationship between the Armenian Satrapy uprising and another territories in the same time. The results of such historical research will be very helpful to understand and explain different aspects of nature of the Armenian satrapy rebelion.

Mazdayana’s thought, like other religious and philosophical schools, has considered a very special place for the topics of “Determinism” and “Free Will”. By studying ancient texts like Rig Veda, Avesta and Pahlavi texts, three types of thoughts can be traced in rise of Mazdayasna viewpoint about the role of human’s free will in history. Firstly, the role of the goddesses and gods in human behaviors and deeds, which was undoubtedly influenced by the ideas before Zoroaster and their comprehensive presence that would restricts human’s free will. Secondly is Zoroaster’s viewpoint in which human’s free will is glorified and recognized. Thirdly, is the role of the other nations’ thoughts and ideas that the most important ones were astronomic views, Babylonian astronomy and Gnostic teachings. Mazdayasna was influenced by a collection of reflective factors. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will are involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it has been tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny and unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will were involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it is tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny, on the other hand, unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works.

Sasanian Empire in the early 7th century AD, due to long years of wars with Byzantine Empire (603-626 AD) and its later defeat, lost its military and defensive strength, and went through a political crisis. Before this time, based on numismatic studies, it was revealed that following this defeat, only some provinces of the empire minted coins in the name of the Sasanian emperors, and it shows that other provinces were out of Sasanian’s control. Furthermore, literary sources have illustrated that Arab regions of the Sasanian Empire, after Sasanian’s defeat from Byzantine were out of Sasanian’s rule. The author, in this article has showed that according to archeological and numismatic evidence, Azerbaijan province which was the scene of Sasanian-Byzantine battlefield, received the most damages, and since about 623 AD was out of Sasanian’s control. The fall of the Sasanian hegemony in the provinces, was undoubtedly an important factor in weakening of Sasanian military and financial power and consequently contributed considerably to its defeat by Arab Muslims. This factor had also a significant role in Arabs’ penetration in the provinces which were out of Sasanian rule