فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1395)

The effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus salmonophloia, Rosmarinus officinalis and Momordica charantia on mortality of larvae and oviposition deterrence were investigated. For each essential oil, five concentrations (20, 120, 240, 3 60 and 480 ppm) were tested. The effect of essential oils on the mortality of larvae and ovipo sition deterrence increased with increasing the concentration of essential oils. The essential oils of M. charantia, R. officinalis and E. salmonophila in the maximum concentration (480 ppm) caused 100, 91 and 86 percent mortality of larvae of tomato fruit-worm, respectively. This ess ential oils reduced the oviposition rate of pests significantly. The essential oils of M. charantia ,R. officinalis and E. salmonophila in the highest concentration (480 ppm) caused the oviposition dete rrence of 86, 81 and 61 percent respectively. The value of calculated LC50 indicated that essenti al oil of M. charantia was more effective Than the other two essences.

Acoustic signaling is widespread amongst several orders of insect. Particularly, the orthopterans are one of the most well-known acoustically active orders. In the present work, the calling songs of 16 species belonging to the families Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae andTettigoniidaewere sampled. The songs were recorded in the field or in laboratory from live animals. They were analyzed via MATLAB (version 2013) software and the identification key to the species level was provided based on extracted acoustic features.

Bruchus pisorum (coleoptera, Bruchidae) is one of the most important pests of stored products. Regarding the limitation in using chemicals in stored product, search on alternatives to control the pest is necessary. Essential oils with low toxicity to human, animals and environment are good alternatives in pest management. The effect of four essential oils of Carumcarvi, Ferula gommosa, Mentha piperital, Pelargonium roseum on mortality adulte of B. pisorum has been investigated under laboratory conditions. All the essential oils were toxic to B. pisorum. However, the essential oil of P. roseum and C.carvi induced the highest mortality of the pest. All experiments have been done at 30±2oc, RH (65%) and photoperioded 8:16, D:L and mortality were recorded until 72 hours. All Lc50 of essential oils were between 1.22 to 49.94 ppm that showed high toxicity for pests.C.carvi essential oil was the most toxic with Lc50 equal to 1.72 ppm and F. gommosa was lowest toxic in four essential oils tested with Lc50 equal to 49.94 ppm.

In order to investigate the fauna and bio-diversity indices of syrphid flies in Arak region, samples were taken from April to November 2012. The indices were calculated using the Shannone Wiener index. Totally 21 species belonging to two subfamilies, six tribes and 13 genera were identified. Results showed that the highest diversity was in the second week of October, fourth week of June and the first week of October. The least index was in the third week of June, August and November. Sphaerophoria rueppeli is the ecologic dominant species in Arak and neighboring regions.

Considering damage of stem borers, Sesamiacreticaand Sesamianonagrioidesin maize and sugarcane fields, specialists focused on application of biological control methods using specific egg parasitoid wasp, Telenomusbusseolaeand mass rearing of the mentioned stem borers as specific hosts of the egg parasitoids. In this research, the effect of natural and artificial diets on pupal weight and pupal period of the stem borers were studied in comparison with wild population collected from sugarcane fields. Results showed that male and female pupal weight was significantly affected by diet types at 1% probability level. Regarding male pupal weight of S. cretica, the highest values were 0.158 g in artificial diet and the least pupal weight was 0.141g in wild population. The highest values of mean female pupal weight were 0.221 and 0.226g on artificial diet and maize stems, respectively. The least values of mean pupal weight of S. cretica were 0.182 and 0.183g in sugarcane stems and wild population, respectively. On the other hand, the highest weight of male pupae of S. nonagrioideswas 0.181g in maize and the least weightswere 0.136 and 0.143g in artificial diet and wild population, respectively. The highest of female pupae weight of this species was 0.243g in maize and the least weight was 0.176g in artificial diet. Pupal period of the studied species was also significantly affected by evaluated diets at 1% probability level. The values of pupal period for males of S. cretica were 11.93, 10.31, and 10.78 days on artificial diet, maize and sugarcane, respectively. The values of pupal period for female individuals were 11.96, 10.18, and 10.24 days on the same diets, respectively. The values of pupal period for males of S. nonagrioideswere 10.44, 11.91, and 11.35 days on artificial diet, maize and sugarcane, respectively. The values of pupal period for females of this species were 10.40, 12.19, and 11.12 days on the mentioned diets, respectively.in brief, the artificial diet used in this study was more appropriate on S.cretica than S.nonagriordes.

The effect of three botanical insecticides (sirinol, palizin and tondexir) and one chemical insecticide (imidacloprid) on Trialeurodes vaporariorum has been investigated in laborarory and greenhouse conditions.The four insecticides were used with different doses of 0.5, 0.9, 1.8 and 3 ml/lit respectively. The leaf-dip assay for nymph and glass tube assay for adult were used. Also the effect of these insecticide on tomato plants in green house was studied. There were significant differences among used insecticides and interaction between doses and insecticides on all nymphal stages and adults of the greenhouse whitefly (GW). The mortality rate increases with increasing doses and decreases with increasing nymphal age. There were not significant differences among different doses of Imidicloprid and Tondexir (3 ml/l) on the first, second and third instar nymph of GW in leaf-dip assay. The imidicloprid (3 ml/l) had the highest mortality on fourth instar nymph of GW and was categorized in separate group. Also in pot experiment the highest mortality in all of nymphal instars was for Imidicloprid 3 ml/l, however the tondexir 3ml/l had similar affect on second instar nymph. The highest mortality in adults (with no significant differences) occurred using Imidicloprid was obtained with Imidicloprid (3 ml/l), Tondexir (3 ml/l), Palizin (3 ml/l), Imidicloprid (1.8 ml/l) and Sirinol (3 ml/l) with 98.03, 96.07, 96.07, 96.07 and 94.11 % mortality respectively.

One of the common methods for controlling of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum in tomato greenhouses is use of chemical and botanical insecticides. To evaluate the effects of these insecticides on adult female of predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus these research was carried out using botanical insecticides (Sirinol, Palizin and Tondexir) and chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid) in 0, 0.5, 0.9, 1/8 and 3 ml/l in three methods; glassy tubes in laboratory, pot and greenhouse experiments on tomato plant. There were significant differences between treatments, doses and interaction of doses and treatments. The mortality was increased with increasing the doses. 48 hours after spraying, highest and the least mortality was caused by Imidichloprid (3 ml/l.) with 100% and Palizin (0.5 ml/l.) with 23.8 % mortality, respectively. In pot method, the highest mortality of predatory bug was caused by Imidichloprid (3, 1.8 ml/l.) with 97.23 and 94.34%, and the least mortality was caused by Palizin (0.5 and 0.9 ml/l.) with 20.17 and 21.14 %. Imidichloprid (3, 1.8 ml/l.) had the highest mortality with 94.46 and 92.66 % and Palizin (0.5 and 0.9 ml/l.) had the least mortality with 17.5 and 18 % on predatory bugs in greenhouse condition. In all three methods, there were significant difference between Imidichloprid (all doses) and the other botanical insecticides. These results show that the botanical insecticides could be used as natural products in IPM programs to protect the natural enemies.

Five subspecies and 12 species of carabid beetles (Carabidae) belonging to 11 genera and 6 subfamilies were found during 2006-2010 in west of Azerbaijan. Harpalus froelichii Sturm, 1818, Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825, Scarites cylindronotus Faldermann, 1836, Sphodrus leucophthalmus Linnaeus, 1758, Calathus longicollis Motschulsky, 1865 were new records. Five subspecies new for the fauna of Azerbaijan are Zabrus tenebrioides longulus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855, Z.morio morio Ménetries, 1832, Cryptophonus melancholicus melancholicus Dejean, 1829, Calathus ambiguus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790), Nebria picicornis luteipes Chaudoir, 1850.