نشریه مهندسی بهداشت محیط
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، پاییز 1395)

In the water demand management there is a certain relationship between attitudes, beliefs, actual behavior of consumers and water consumption. There are many factors in a positive attitude towards water use. By providing the right information should changed the beliefs and attitudes of citizens towards drinking water habits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training on water consumption in the Khorramabad city in 1394.
This study was conducted in the Lorestan province and in the Khorramabad city. That the effect of training on water saving was evaluated for 60 households with high water consumption levels. The selected households were randomly assigned to 2 groups: control and treatment. In the treatment group was taught how to properly use in a regular basis and periodically meter reading for both groups took .This study was performed for 6 months in summer and autumn in 1394.
The results of this study showed that households in 1393 and 1394 respectively in the control group consumed an average per capita consumption of 60.78 ± 253.7 and 62.35 ± 208 liters per day per person. The average consumption per capita in 93 and 94 in the treatment group was respectively 192.14 ±51.2 and 171.9 ± 48.57 liters per day per person. As well as due to intervention education decrease 9-11% water consumption.
The basic results of this study to raise public awareness about the water crisis, stresses and the importance of water using education can affect to water use. It can also promote a culture of right consumption and to change people’s behavior towards water use.

Background and Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational injuries that are caused due to different risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and level of musculoskeletal disorders risk among a metal structure manufacturing company.
The present cross sectional study was considered prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among 202 workforces in 7 job groups. Nordic questionnaire was used as survey tool and rates of body exposure to risk factors were assessed by Quick Exposure Check (QEC) method. Data were analyzed by T-test, χ2 and ANOVA using SPSS19 software.
According to completed questionnaire 74.25% of workers have experienced symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders over the past year. The highest prevalence of disorders were found in lower back, knees, hands and wrists. The Positive, significant correlation were found between prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and level of body exposure risk.
There was found a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among different job groups in metal structure manufacturing. Factors such as lack of ergonomic considerations in workstations design, Inappropriate work procedure, inefficient handling equipment, dealing with heavy workloads and time pressure on product delivery is effective in development of musculoskeletal disorder.

Environmental crisis causes deep concern in different levels human societies and it is necessary to consider the environmental criteria in the development activities to solve this problem. Due to the nature of the transferred fluid, the exploitation of oil transmission line and petroleum products has some potentially environmental risks and events. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects of the fuel transmission line to combined cycle powerhouse of Chabahar project using Iranian matrix-based method.
In this study, the environmental effects of the fuel transmission line to combined cycle powerhouse of Chabahar project was evaluated in all physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments in structural and exploitation phases.
Total positive effects of study in structural and exploitation phases was calculated () and total negative effects in physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments was assessed (-112) and the difference was (-31).
Due to the analysis, no average rating less than (-2) was found in all evaluation matrix's rows and columns. Therefore, fueling to combined cycle powerhouse project is approved.

Background and Cancer is a noteworthy cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is more often caused by the environment of a person lives in, rather than his or her innate biology. The highly significant and rapid changes in cancer incidence in the last decades are generally attributed to equally dramatic changes in population exposure to environmental factors.
The available evidence on the role of environmental factors and their relevant effects in cancer rates has been studied.
Major of cancer risk factors are include tobacco, overweight and obesity, physical activity, diet and body composition, food, air and water contamination, and viral chronic infections. Exposure assessment and research methodology has been the Achilles heel for studies on environmental contaminants and cancer. Thus, it should not be looked at cancer merely as a disease, since cancer is beyond a disease and must be considered through different aspects.
The scientific community effort to increase public awareness, winning the support of policy makers as well as intersectoral coordination in order to lifestyle modifications, reducing high-risk behaviors and confronting food, air and water contamination have strategic importance in cancer prevention. Basic and clinical studies as well as interdisciplinary research thence are necessary for a better understanding of the pathophysiology and finding more effective and cheaper ways to prevent, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Accordingly, this requires the investment of governmental and non-governmental democrats.

The industrial wastewaters are considered to be one of the main sources of heavy metal impurities. The removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewaters is of great importance from an environmental point of zn are the most concerning heavy metals in aqueous solutions due their high toxicity in low concentrations and bioaccumulation in live tissues. Among various removal methods, adsorption through inexpensive adsorbents has been highly considered by researchers. The zn removal by natural clinoptilolite zeolite was defined as the main purpose of the current study.
The experiments were carried out in batch mode operation with natural zeolite. The zeolite characteristics were analyzed with SEM and XRD. The effect of pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 10), contact time (15, 30, 45, 60,90min), adsorbent dosage (1, 3, 5, 7, 10) and pb and zn concentrations (10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 mg/L) on removal efficiency of zn, adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied in constant temperature.
Based on the findings, optimum conditions of zn removal by natural zeolite, included pH, 7, adsorbent dose of 5g/L and contact time of 30 minutes. The metal removal was decreased along with metal concentration, but the absorption capacity was increased. Of the two studied models, the Langmuir isotherm was better fitted Freundlich for zn (R2=0.98). Also for Zn, the pseudo second order kinetics was consistent with results.
The results of current study indicated that natural clinoptilolite zeolite can be considered as an efficient and cost effective adsorbent for zn removal from aqueous solutions.

Zinc is one of trace elements essential for human but too much zinc can cause eminent health problems especially in drinking water that must be removed. The purpose of this study was to determine the removal zinc from water by natural and modified maize hull.
Material and This stady was non-continuous experiment which was implemented in lab scale conditions by changing effective factors such as pH(2 to 7), contact time(5 to 180 minutes), adsorbent concentration(10 to 150 ppm) and adsorbent dosage(1 to 6 g/l) in 100 ml deionized water. The concentration of zinc was measured by atomic adsorbtion in accordance with standard method and removal percentage of zn deteminated.
Removal rate of zinc increased with increasing the contact time, dose of adsorbent, pH and decreasing by initial concentration of zinc. Efficiency of natural and modified maize hull in the optimum state was 91% and 98% respectively. The kinetic and isotherm was pseudo second order and Langmuir(II) respectively. ANOVA analysis showed that all of the variables in the process have been statistically significant effect (p Conclution: According to the results obtained maize hull appears to be suitable, low cost and efficient adsorbent for removing zn(II) from aqueous solutions.

Population growth and limited access to fresh water and need to use bottled water for drinking, chemical and biological quality of the water exacerbates the need for review. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and microbial quality in multi-brand bottled water was consumed in the country.
A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in stages, the first brand of bottled water available 6 recognized and sampling was conducted. The chemical and bacteriological quality of water parameters include cL-, nitrate,Mg, Ca, hardness, Na,No2-, pH , TDS, EC, F-, total coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were tested. The average value of each property, with standard and were compared with the amounts listed on the label. Data analysis using the software SPSS, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (p The results showed that the number of total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria group does not exist in any of the samples and MPN /100cc, respectively. The average concentration of chemical parameters such as pH, TDS, calcium, nitrate and nitrite in all bottled waters, were on the standard ranges. As well as in a number of instances, significant differences between the measured values ​​with the values ​​printed on the label of bottled water there.
According to the results obtained, chemical and biological quality of bottled water is examined in terms of acceptable drinking water standards.

Air pollution in large cities is one of the main difficulties that have harmful effects on humans and the environment and cause various diseases including cardiovascular disease. So, present study with aim of Estimation of Cardiovascular Death, Attributed to CO Exposure in Tehran Megacity in during a five-year period (2010-2014) by using AirQ Model were performed.
This Study was a descriptive–analytic at first, hourly data of pollutants were taken from the environmental protection agency Tehran and Air Quality Control Company and validated according to the WHO guidelines. Required statistical parameters calculated for health effect quantifying and finally processed data converted to input and requirements AirQ model data and health effects quantifying were performed using this model. The final results on deaths due to cardiovascular disease were presented in tables and graphs format.
Results showed annual average concentration of CO in Tehran in 2010-2014 are 49, 31, 11,12,21,76 mg/ m3 respectively. In addition, the number of cardiovascular deaths in 2011-2015 is 52,37,29,31,42 respectively
According to the results, CO as well as other pollutants can adversely affect human health. Due to high levels of air pollution and its related health consequences, particularly cardiovascular disease, should take appropriate measures to reduce air pollution.