فصلنامه پژوهش های سلامت محور
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 10، پاییز 1396)

Social responsibility is one of the most important elements of the organization's existential philosophy, especially organizations such as hospitals. This study was conducted to evaluate the perspectives of the managers and head nurses of public and private hospitals in Tabriz/ Iran about social responsibility.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 57 head nurses and managers working in public and private hospitals in Tabriz selected by census method in 2016. Data collection tool was a four-part questionnaire including 24 questions for assessing the status of social responsibility in the hospital. Data analysis was performed through SPSS 21 software.
From the perspectives of our subjects in public and private hospitals, patients were the most important group affecting organization's activities (mean scores: 3.73 and 1.82 respectively), approaching to international standards was the most important motivator (mean scores: 3.23 and 3.70 respectively) and attention to suppliers was the most important focus area (mean scores: 3.76 and 3.51 respectively).
According to the obtained results, most managers and head nurses, based on the type of hospital working in it, had a different conception of social responsibility. Therefore, it is suggested to provide the required trainings in relation to the necessity of establishing social responsibility in hospitals, regardless of the type of hospital.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease causing disability in . The environmental factors play an important role in disease spread and since youths are affected more, this disease is of a great importance. As the incidence of this disease is not the same around the world, through using geographic information system, the spatial and descriptive data can be used to create maps, tables, and charts for data analysis and preventing the progression of the disease.
In this descriptive study, 1200 Multiple sclerosis patients in Kerman province between 1987 and 2015 were surveyed. After collecting data and spatial data, the geographical distribution map of the disease was prepared. In this base, first, the points were inserted in the Google Earth and then, the locations of patient's accumulation were found by analyzing the hot spots.
According to the results, the majority of patients were habitants of the margin of Kerman and in the Salsabil area. The lowest numbers of patients were in Kuhbanan and Kahnouj. Women were affected 3.5 times more than men and the age group of 20 to 30 years old had the highest rate of this disease.
Improving urban infrastructures, reducing construction density, controlling traffic problems, and improving the quality of urban life can improve the health of patients.

Today, the diversity is one of the basic principles in crisis management process in the hospitals. This process requires serious attention due to its complexity and diversity. This study aimed at investigating the manager's perception about diversity dimensions of crisis management in hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 10 educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2017. A total of 40 executive, administrative, financial and accounting, and nursing directors were selected through census method and participated in the study. Data were collected using the questionnaire of diversity dimensions in crisis management and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA tests and through SPSS23 software.
The mean score of manager's perceptions of crisis management dimensions was 3.44. The highest and lowest levels of perceptions of managers were respectively obtained for the "inclusion and learning" dimension (Mean=3.75) and "recognition and risk management" (Mean= 3.29). There was a significant relationship between the mean scores of "mutual trust between staff and managers" and "work experience" (P = 0.04).
Manager's perception of the "recognition and risk management" dimension was lower compared to other dimensions. Therefore, hospital managers should be more sensitive to using risk assessment results and follow a systemic attitude in their risk management plannings.

Health and safety of local residents is closely related to the health and safety of their environment. This goal can be achieved through the convergence and alignment of manpower and facilities as well as equipment. According to Mashhad city executives, health, safety and environmental control system is currently running in the city. The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the health, safety and environmental conditions of thirteen areas of Mashhad city.
This research was a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Mashhad from May 2016 to September 2017. Data related to water status, pollution, harmful waves, intersections, safety in disasters, waste management and safe passageways were collected using a researcher-made checklist, interviews and observation. Data analysis was done using one-sample K-S as well as Kruskal-Wallis and through SPSS 22 software.
The results showed that, except for neighborhoods located in the municipal areas of 12, 11, 1 and 9, which were at medium and higher level, the conditions of other neighborhoods were lower than the medium level and among these, neighborhoods located in municipal areas of 4, 3, 5 and 2 were at the alert conditions . Health, safety and environmental components showed significant relationships with residency location.
Since districts with more critical conditions were mainly in the peripheral and deprived parts, there is a need for a fundamental change in the system of budget and allocation of credits to urban areas and neighborhoods.

The ability to attract tourists in international health markets depends on the quality standards. The aim of this study was to determine the state of educational hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences based on organization-oriented standards of joint commission international.
This Descriptive study was performed in four selected teaching hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Data collection was carried out using the questionnaires of the organization-oriented standards of joint commission international including 76 questions in 6 areas of improving quality and patient safety, infection prevention and control, leadership and guidance, safety and facility management, training and staff competence and information and communication management. Descriptive statistics were used as mean and percentage. Data were entered into SPSS20 software.
The compliance rate of organization-oriented standards in the hospitals was 81.2% that indicated the relative readiness with regard to the standards of joint commission international in attracting medical tourists. The highest compliance rate of standards was related to safety and facility management (84.4%) and the lowest compliance rate was related to quality improvement and patient safety (75.2 %).
Hospitals should pay more attention to the quality improvement and patient safety in order to meet international standards and obtain an international accreditation certificate, and they are supposed to improve standards in this area through corrective actions.

Background & Objectives The Endodontic unit in dentistry occupation has a high sensitivity and any obvious or hidden human error can endanger the health of both the patient and the dentist.The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate human errors using SHERPA technique in the Endodontic Department of Clinic of Dentistry Faculty in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted from 26/4/2017 to 21/8/2017. The number of error per task was obtained using worksheet of SHERPA including: task code, job task, error type, error description, error consequence and risk level. At first, using hierarchical task analysis, steps of doing work in the unit were divided into tasks and sub-tasks and nine critical tasks were determined. Then, using SHERPA technique, types of errors were identified and their risk was evaluated.
A total of 148 human errors were identified in the Endodontic Department of Clinic. The highest error rate was in the tasks of examination and history taking with 35 errors, and the lowest error rate was on the task of anesthetizing with 7 errors. Among all the main tasks, the most frequent errors were of functional type at the task of the treatment plan (9.45%). Also, 52.63% of errors were related to the functional errors with an undesirable risk level.
The results of this study indicate that in order to reduce the occurrence of errors in the dentistry profession, it is necessary to take control measures such as using competent people, adjusting the number of patients with the number of specialists, balancing work hours and rest, and developing guidelines.

Accreditation, as a formal external evaluation system, has a critical role in improving quality, safety and effectiveness of hospital services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of accreditation standards on the performance of Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments of hospitals in Sari, Iran.
This cross-sectional descriptive - analytic study was carried out in eight hospitals in Sari, Iran. Information related to the accreditation scores and five performance indicators of A&E departments (i.e., average triage time, percentage of cardiopulmonary resuscitation failure, percentage of patients who were decided upon within 6 hours, percentage of patients sent out of the A&E department within 12 hours and percentage of patients left A&E department against the medical advice) in (March 2013 and March 2014) and (March 2014 and March 20115) were gathered form hospitals and accreditation office of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Data were analyzed through SPSS (V.22) software and using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The mean scores of accreditation of A&E departments in 2013 and 2014 were 76% and 62.2% respectively. The differences between performance indicators of A&E departments in 2013 and 2014 were not statistically meaningful. There was no significant relationship between accreditation and the performance of A&E departments of hospitals.
Accreditation did not improve A& E performance in Sari hospitals. Hence, there is a pressing need for improving hospital accreditation system including standards, methods and surveyors. Besides, hospital managers should use internal quality management systems to complement and strengthen the impact of external accreditation system in improving key performance indicators of hospitals.

Today, studies have shown the impact of emotional intelligence and quality of life on academic achievement motivation. Paying attention to the factors that lead to academic motivation is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of academic achievement motivation with emotional intelligence and quality of life in students of Bam University of Medical Sciences in 2015. This cross- sectional, descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 232 students in Bam University of Medical Sciences selected through stratified random sampling. Research instruments were Hermen’s achievement motivation questionnaire, emotional intelligence Bradbry-Graves test and 36-item questionnaire of quality of life. Data analysis was done through SPSS20 and using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson and linear regression analysis. From all, 87% were female, 81% were single, 58.2% were undergraduate students and 71.1% were in the age group of 18-22 years old. Mean scores of academic achievement motivation, emotional intelligence and quality of life showed no significant relationship with demographic features of students. Regression analysis results showed no significant correlation between the motivation of academic achievement and variables of quality of life and emotional intelligence. Although there was no significant relationship between the motivations of academic achievement and variables of emotional intelligence and quality of life, the motivation for advancement can be generalized and thought; so, training courses for motivation development can be very helpful.