نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 7 (زمستان 1397)

Creating a healthy and desirable environment for life in different seasons of the year has long been a critical issue for humankind. It is important to pay attention to the thermal comfort in architectural design to enhance comfort and create high quality and low-cost construction. With the onset of modernity, housing construction has grown with the advancement of fossil-fueled technology, so that some could provide users with the thermal comfort and well-being with the international architectural design and the Athens Charter without relying on the principles of climatic and native design. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of climatic elements on housing sustainability in the city of Ilam based on Mahani index, which is done by descriptive-analytic method. Data collection is based on library methods and data from the Ilam Weather Station and the Meteorological Organization of Iran for the period of 21 years. For this purpose, data analysis is performed using Excel software and based on Mahani index. The results of this research show that according to the average wet and dry indicators based on Kasmae Table, the city of Ilam has indices of A1 and A2 in 6 months of the year and has A1 index for 4 months of the year. Based on Razjooyan table, the city has A1 index for 10 months of the year, has A2 index for 6 months of the year, and has A2 for 5 months of the year. At the end of the research, suggestions and solutions will be presented.

Paying attention to the issue of passive urban defense is crucial for reducing damage and injury, preparedness for disasters and crises. Thus, the present study aims to locate urban shelters with passive defense approach in district 4 of Tabriz through descriptive-analytical method. Required data are collected through documentary - library studies and field observations. In order to determine the coefficients of importance of the indices, the network analysis technique is used and this criterion coefficients are applied in the overlay environment. Finally, using fuzzy logic and overlaying the information layers, the preferred locations are identified in proportion to the research objective. The results of the research show that several points in district 4 of Tabriz with more demographic density that are close to fire stations, close to health centers, convenient access to the communication network, far from flammable and crisis applications, standard materials in construction, close to military centers and have a suitable slope are relatively safe and suitable land for the construction of sanctuaries.

In the past decade, the world has faced huge urban problems. In response, the scientific centers and urban organizations have proposed various theories, including smart urban growth, neourbanism, sustainable development, and at present, the concept of good urban governance as the most effective, low-cost, and most sustainable method of proper management to solve the problems. A good urban governance can be defined as the urban affairs’ administration process with the constructive engagement and cooperation of the three state, private, and civil society sectors in order to achieve a healthy and high-quality city with high livability and sustainable urban development. The present study aims to prioritize good urban governance indicators in Gorgan city. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on library and field studies. The following 9 good urban governance indicators are chosen. Participation, community-based, accountability, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, security, equality and the rule of law, which are among the most important and fundamental indicators of the United Nations to assess and prioritize good urban governance elements. The results of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) show that the participation index is in the first priority, communitybased is ranked second, and the accountability index with the rate of .139 is ranked third. Transparency with a rate of .114 is ranked fourth, accountability with a coefficient of significance of .072 is in the fifth order, and efficiency and effectiveness is ranked sixth. The security index is ranked seventh, equality index with the coefficient of significance of .026 is ranked eighth, and ultimately, the rule of law with the coefficient of significance of .017 is ranked ninth.

Regarding the methodological problems in comprehensive plans, method of preparing and approving comprehensive plans, their study methods that are usually linearly and lack consistency between goals and suggestions, and the process of preparing a plan that is separate from the implementation process and the terms of the research, the preparation of "strategic - structural urban plans" is suggested instead of the traditional comprehensive urban plans and the provision of "local" and "thematic" plans is presented instead of detailed plans. In the comprehensive plan of Sari city, approved in 2015, thematic and local plans have been defined that include factors such as prosperity, promotion of quality of life, safety, vitality, and tranquility. This research seeks to answer the question of “whether the thematic and local plans’ adoption has affected the quality of life of the citizens of Sari, especially in the old context of the city.” Accordingly, the research is applied in terms of its objective and it is descriptiveanalytical in terms of its research method. The statistical population consists of all citizens of the old texture of Sari City, i.e. 12245 people. Based on the Cochran formula, 380 people are selected by simple random sampling and includes 76 urban experts. The collected data is transferred to SPSS software and analyzed using U Mann–Whitney, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise regression. The results show that there is no significant difference between citizens and experts’ viewpoint regarding the effect of thematic and local plans on quality of life of Sari citizens. They believe that thematic and local plans have a significant effect on citizens’ quality of life in old texture.

City and urbanity have been associated with many quantitative and qualitative changes over the last decade. These changes are diverse in different geographic locations and in accordance with the biological, social, economic and political conditions of each region. Changes and developments in cities lead to a change in the spatial organization of cities. Changes of the spatial organization in most developing cities have contributed more to the heterogeneity of the spatial organization. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze factors affecting heterogeneity of spatial organization of district 1 of Tehran metropolitan using descriptiveanalytical method and utilizing GIS and Google Earth software. The results of the research show that the spatial organization of district 1 of Tehran metropolitan is heterogeneous. Also, factors such as immigration, existence of rural texture, marginal texture, uncontrolled construction, speculations in the purchase and sale of land and housing, the existence of nonurban uses, the existence of massive cooperative complexes, trans-regional and trans-urban uses and etc. are among factors causing heterogeneity in the spatial organization of this area.

Housing is one of the most important issue that human beings have always encountered difficulty in this regard. They have always tried to solve these problems. The necessity to pay attention to housing indices seems to be very necessary for a better understanding of the housing problems. In the city of Kermanshah, the housing problem has become a serious problem for various reasons.These problems are seen in the form of poor housing, low-quality housing, improper texture, and building materials in the settlements, which is very disturbing. Therefore, the present study examines the status of the cities of Kermanshah province during the census periods of 1996 and 2011 and the change in the status of these cities in having demographic indicators of housing. The research method is analytical and comparative. In this study, 21 quantitative and qualitative indices are identified in the housing sector, then Shannon entropy is used to allocate weights to each of them. The results show that the lack of housing coefficient and the percentage of households with minima electricity are the most important indices in the years 1996 and 2016, respectively. Then, cities are ranked using the VIKOR model. The result of the ranking indicates that the city of Ravansar ranked first and Harsin ranked last in 1996. In 2016, the city of Eslam Abad is ranked first, and Dalahoo is ranked last. The result of the Pearson correlation test in examining the relationship between the rates of cities accessibility with their populations indicates non correlation in 1996 and significant correlation in 2016. The result of the Pearson correlation test in examining the relationship between the rates of cities accessibility with their distance from the province capital (Kermanshah city) also shows non correlation in 1996 and significant correlation in 2016.

As urban areas and cities’ population grow, the per capita facilities decline relative to demographic demand. Therefore, it needs an appropriate program for the development of urban facilities and, on the other hand, a geographic distribution that is accessible to all citizens. The research method is descriptive-analytical and of an applied nature. The final prioritization of the weighting of the criteria and the analysis of the sensitivity of the variables show that the demographic factor with the highest weight has the greatest effect on the optimal location for the construction of new health-care centers and then, neighborhood with residential applications is placed in order of priority. The final map of the prestigious urban lands is divided into five (very inappropriately-inappropriate-medium-good- very good) areas. The result of this study show that the distribution of hospitals is not in accordance with the location criteria in Ahwaz city.

Information and communication technology (ICT), as a key technology, plays a central role in the pursuit of national development macro goals, such as 1404 perspective document of Iran and the realization of the information society. Therefore, the present study evaluates the status of Iran among the countries of 1404 perspective document of Iran in terms of Information and Communication Technology development indicator (IDI). The research method is descriptiveanalytic with an applied objective. The statistical population of the study is Iran and 23 countries in the 1404 perspective document in 2016. In order to assess the status of Iran among the countries of the document, the method proposed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the 11 indicators introduced in this method have been used. The result shows that Iran ranks 16 with the score of 4.99 in the 24 countries of the perspective document. The countries of Bahrain, Israel and the UAE, with scores of 7.46, 7.40, and 7.11, are in a good position. The countries of Pakistan, Yemen and Afghanistan are in a bad situation among the countries of the region. Pearson correlation test also indicates a negative correlation between the population and the enjoyment of countries by ICT and the positive correlation between GDP per capita and the enjoyment of countries by ICT. The results of the Williamson coefficient calculation show that the greatest inequality in the spatial distribution of the sub-indices is related to fixed broadband and mobile broadband subscribers with coefficients of .775 and .724, and the lowest inequality is related to the sub-index of the registration rate in the second grade of high school and international internet broadband with coefficients of .236 and .121, respectively.