فصلنامه روان شناسی کاربردی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cognitive-emotion regulation and guilty feelings on disease resilience in women with breast cancer.

The research method was correlational descriptive and the statistical population was all patients with breast cancer referred to Firoozgar Hospital, and Easts special medical center affiliated to Foundation of Special Diseases, in Tehran city, that were 381 patients in 2016-2017. From this population, 120 patients were selected as the sample through convenience sampling. The instruments were Resilience Questionnaire (Conor-Davidson, 2003), Cognitive-Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, 2001), and Guilty Feelings Scale (Kauger and Jones, 1992). Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression.

The results indicated that negative emotion regulation (β= -0.25, P= 0.03), and guilty feelings (β= -0.29, P= 0.02) had a significant negative correlation with resilience. However, positive emotion regulation had a significant positive correlation with resilience (β= 0.44, P= 0.001).

Regulation of two factors of emotional control and guilty feelings of patients with breast cancer affect their mental health positively and may be predictive of their resilience improvement. Therefore, psychological interventions along with medical treatments can be beneficial for cognitive-emotion regulation, reducing guilty feelings, and increasing resilience in breast cancer patients, and also other patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological flexibility and cognitive emotion regulation in women with breast cancer.

Method was quasi-experimental with control group, pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up, and the statistical population was 390 women with breast cancer of Shahid Rajaie Hospital in Karaj in 2018. 30 patients who were referred to the chemotherapy department were selected by convenience sampling method and were assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research tools were Hayes, Strosahl, Wilson, Bissett, Pistorello, et al (2004) The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), and Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven (2001) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson's Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Program (1999) was extracted from Esmat Danesh’s training course in Iran Psychology Association in 2015 which was performed once a week at 8 sessions with duration of 90 minutes for experimental group. Data were analyzed using mixed varience repeated measure.

The results showed the effectivity of therapeutic implementation on psychological flexibility (F= 6.78, P=0.016) and for all the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation including acceptance (F= 25.09), positive refocusing (F=34.02), refocusing on planning (F=17.80), positive reappraisal (F=23.44), putting perspective (F=13.06), self-blame (F=14.09), rumination (F=15.45), catastrophizing (F=34.82) and other blame (F=16.63) at P=0.001 level and therapeutic achievements remained stable at follow-up.

Because acceptance and commitment therapy leads to psychological flexibility and commitment of the individual to perform actions that make a full, rich, and meaningful life, it can be used as an effective interventional method for enhancing psychological changes and emotion regulation in patients with breast cancer and other patients.

The purpose of the study was to determine the mediating role of conscientiousness in self-efficacy, resilience and pain management with chronic pain perception.

The research method was correlation and statistical population was all 2141 patients suffering from chronic pain in Medical Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospitals, Loghmane Hakim, Modarres Hospital and Medical Sciences of Tehran University, 16 Azar Clinic and Royan Pain and Stress Clinic in autumn and winter of 2018-2019. Sample size was selected by convenience sampling method using Cochran formula with probability of loss of 410 patients. Tools were The Five-Factor model of Personality Inventory by Costa and McCrae (1998), pain self-efficacy questionnaire by Nicholas1989, Pain Management Strategies Scale by Rosenstiel & Keefe (1983), Resilience Scale by Connor & Davidson (2003), The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory by Kerns, Turk, Rudy (1985). After data collection, 70 confused questionnaires were deleted. Data from 340 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equations with partial least squares method in Smart Pls software.

The results showed that self-efficacy with conscientiousness (β= 0.0269, P= 0.0001) & with pain perception (β= 0.159, P= 0.0001), pain management with conscientiousness (β= 0.130, P= 0.043) & with pain perception (β= 0. 311, P= 0.0001), conscientiousness (β= 0.39, P= 0.0001), resiliency with pain perception (β= 0.316, P= 0.0001) and being conscientiousness with pain perception (β= 0.2278, P= 0.0001) are related and conscientiousness played a mediating role in pain self-efficacy, pain management, resilience with pain perception.

Along with medical treatments, psychotherapists can change the perception of chronic pain by using conscientiousness, self-efficacy, pain management, and resilience factors.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on improvement of executive functions including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control and amelioration of depression symptoms.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and followed-up with control group and the statistical population consisted of 33 women with Major Depression Disorder (MDD) who were referred to Outpatient Counseling Centers in districts 1 and 2 affiliated with Education Department in Sari city in 2018. Using convenience sampling method, 20 individuals were selected and were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of tDCS for 20 minutes, twice a week. The computerized version of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST, Heaton & et al. 1993, N-back Krichner 1958, Go-Nogo Test Hoffman 1984, and Beck Depression Test 1996 were used for assessment. Data were analyzed using descriptive indices and mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results showed that Transcranial direct current stimulation reduced Beck rating scale (F= 38.68, P= 0.001), errors of WCST (F= 9.82, P= 0.006), it’s total time (F= 8.24, P= 0.010), N–back time (F= 28.09, P= 0.001), and reaction time of go stage (F= 4.32, P= 0.05) also increased Go-Nogo accuracy in the go stage (F= 11.66, P= 0.003), nogo stage (F= 15.53, P= 0.001), and the changes remained untill follow-up session. Although, there wasn't any significant differences in cluster of WCST (F= 1.53, P= 0.232).

Transcranial direct current stimulation ameliorates cognitive areas, depressive symptoms, and executive functions. Thus, it can be used as an effective intervention in the treatment of Major Depression Disorder.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of counseling based on Lazarus Multimodal Theory on possible selves, locus of control and decrease of opiate craving in addicts under pharmochotherapy.

A quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and a two months follow- up with control group was used. The statistical population included 83 addicted men aged 20 to 45 years old under pharmochotherapy in addiction quitting center of Yaran in region 18 of Tehran in Iran. Through purposeful sampling method, 30 participants who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of CBLMT or control, n1=n2=15. Research tools were Rogers’s self concept questionnaire 1951, Rotter’s locus of control questionnaire 1966, Franken, Hendricks, Stan & Van den Brink’s opiate craving questionnaire (2002) which were administered in three stages for two groups and Counseling based on Lazarus Multimodal Theory (2008) to the experimental group during eight weekly, 90- minute sessions and data were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures analysis variance.

Finding showed that CBLMT had a significant effect on possible selves (F=36.51, P= 0.001), locus of control (F= 41.28, P= 0.001) and decrease opiate craving (F= 40.68, P= 0.001), and this effect remained stable at follow- up.

Since counseling based on Lazarus Multimodal Theory likely leads to change cognitions process and content and promote cognitive, affective and behavioral skills, effect on possible selves, locus of control and decrease of opiate craving. Hence, it can be used as a low- cost and effective counseling method for improving addicts under pharmacotherapy.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the three therapeutic effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) in reducing anxiety in patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Method was quasi-experimental with three experimental groups, one control group and pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population was 486 patients referred to Kerman Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital in 2018. 60 men were selected in purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to four groups of 15. In group 1, six 45-minute sessions of Shapiro solo EMDR (2014) were performed. In group 2 six 60-minute sessions of group CBT of Dugas & Robichaud (2007) were performed. And in group 3 six 60-minute sessions solo EFT of Church (2014) were performed. All the Four groups completed the Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg & Jacobs's Anxiety Inventory (1983) in three stages. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance.

Results in group 1showed that at the level of 99% confidence, state anxiety (F = 42.36) and trait (F = 12.66), in group 2, state anxiety (F = 5.38) and trait and in group 3, state anxiety (F = 15.23) and trait (F = 18.50) were reduced. This effect remained stable at follow-up stage. In addition, among the three methods, EMDR was more effective on state anxiety than the other two interventions (P= 0.015).

Since, all the three methods can improve behavioral strategies by influencing irrational thoughts and emotion release, they are effective ways to reduce anxiety in PTSD patients.

The aim of this research was to determine the psychometric properties of Moral Identity Questionnaire.

Research method was correlational, and population included 10183 male and female students of Mazandaran University in 2017-2018 academic year. Among them, on the basis of sampling table of Morgan and Krejcie 1970 and through multistage cluster random sampling, 381 students for EFA and 384 students for CFA and reliability (in total 765) of the questionnaire were selected. In the sampling process, four faculties of humanity and social sciences, chemistry, economics and administrative sciences and basic sciences were randomly selected among twelve faculties. From the department of each faculty, two bachelor’s classes, one master class and one PhD class were selected. Totally, 726 students answered the Black and Reynolds’s (2016) moral identity questionnaire. After removing 61 incomplete questionnaires, 665 questionnaires were analyzed.

The results of EFA indicated that the questionnaire has two dimensions of moral self and moral integrity, which was verified by CFA as well. The result of Pearson correlation showed a moderate correlation between the dimensions (r= 0.29, P= 0.0001) and a very strong correlation between moral self dimension (r= 0.74, P= 0.0001), and moral integrity dimension (r=0.85, P=0.0001) with the total score of the questionnaire. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha for the dimensions and total score varied from 0.80 to 0.85.

MIQ is appropriate for 18 years old subjects and above. It has an acceptable reliability and validity and can be used to measure moral identity of students and other classes of the society to identify moral self and moral integrity factors.