نشریه تمدن حقوقی
پیاپی 2 (بهار 1398)

European Theories in the German Roman Legal System Using Democracy's Benefits in Electing Rulers and Proper Information on the Consequences of Non-Compliance Encourages Citizens to Observe the Law in a Way that Citizens Have They were encouraged to abide by the law and to prevent violations. The emergence and emergence of legal systems that have gained prominence throughout the world have shaped many political systems throughout the world. Developments in Western countries, and specifically in the Roman-Germanic countries, especially France, Germany and Italy, have made great strides in various fields of science, including the Industrial Revolution and the development of information technology and human development. Society in observance of the law, a special and scrutinized view of the English country following the Canal system, and the special situation it faced during the independence of Southern Rhodesia in line with the law of Great Britain as a recognized factor throughout that country, the main topic of discussion is before us. Questions how can the structure and organization of legal systems be effective in expanding law and order? And whether or not constitutional law in Great Britain has had a legal and structural position to it? The research method is library-based and has used related books and articles.

The principle of equality of arms is an important component of a fair trial, which means that the prosecution will provide conditions for each of the parties to the case to make a claim in a situation that makes him or her an adversary. It basically doesn't make it any less inappropriate. The legislature of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013 has tried to inspire some of the provisions of this law based on the law of European countries, especially France, and has given equal opportunity to the parties to the disputes. Although the Iranian legislator did not explicitly envisage the principle of equality of arms as one of the most important principles of fair trial in the Iranian penal system, but with reflection on the provisions of this law, in particular Articles 2 to 6 thereof, The examples and effects of the principle of equality of arms and generally of fair trial standards and their observance in criminal proceedings are significant. Protections such as the accused's right to counsel, the right to information and access to the defendant's substantiating evidence, the right to adequate facilities and time to prepare a defense and equal access, the right to seek summons and questions and answers, and the refusal to hear. The existence of a relationship between one of the parties to the lawsuit, the principle of acquittal and equality before the court, is stated in the law that all mitigate the inequalities of possibilities between the prosecution and the accused, but on the other hand, there are cases such as the accumulation of prosecution power and Investigation in the single position, lack of a referral judge, lack of complete independence of the prosecutor and prosecutor Proof from the prosecutor in open court, the court, in violation of the principle of fair trial and equality of arms in this law.

Abstract</strong> Sometimes people engage in illegal and coordinated activities in order to gain material and power interests, using all kinds of criminal tools. This is discussed under the heading of organized crime. Before setting up or even setting up a system, it is imperative for those responsible to consider such arrangements in order to meet the essential needs of the system (whether material or non-material) so that the system and its components can meet their requirements. Adapt to the environment and be able to work in the field of social interaction. Every system needs a system of control to work properly. Weaknesses in this system and inefficiencies of this system can cause confusion throughout the system. Corruption is therefore the result of underdevelopment and underdevelopment at various levels and at the same time it is an obstacle to a healthy and developed society that can be reinforced by individual and social factors. This descriptive-analytical method is a library-based method that examines the organized administrative crime caused by the influence of managers, reviews its possibilities and features, examines its aims, effects and instances and finally its factors.

Identity theft is an emerging threatening behavior that uses the information of individuals and leads to irreparable losses in various areas, especially in the financial field. Identity theft occurs when a person holds other personal information such as a bank card number, account number, name and surname and uses them to withdraw from a bank account, open a new credit card, or perform Other illegal activities, use and exploitation. In Iran, an independent legislator requires criminalization of this behavior in real and cyber space and can be punished only by resorting to general regulations such as usurpation, computer theft, or cyber fraud. While the physical behavior of these regulations is not very similar to identity theft. The United States of America is the first country to indict this independent criminal conduct. In 1998, the legislature criminalized the behavior under the Federal Identity Theft Act.

This paper has been written to survey the procedure of the MOX Plant Case between Ireland and the United Kingdom. A case which has been filed in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, seeking an order of Provisional Measures, against the activities of the United Kingdom in Sellafield. Study of this case, which is one of the few disputes dealt with by the ITLOS, has a double importance in terms of the nature of the case, itself and also taking the relatively fledgling activity of the ITLOS under consideration, compared to the ICJ. Undoubtedly the processes of the same dispute, through various international authorities, is the sensible feature of this case. Firstly, pointing the important features of the case, a brief study on the background of the case and the dispute between the two nations regarding the activities of this plant has been undertaken. With the filing of the case in the tribunal by Ireland, the main subject of this article is Ireland's claims and obviously the responses of the UK. The court initiating the procedure, therefore the explanation of the overall sessions and also the order of the court has been on the agenda. Finally, some of the separate opinions of the Judges in charge of the case regarding some aspects of this decision, has been raised. This article has come to an end with a conclusion and overall analysis of the case.

 The stability requirement is a specific obligation under which the foreign country cannot alter the terms of the contract by law or by any other means without the consent of the other party, and is also a guarantee and precautionary measure that is set forth in private contracts. Those governments are required to refrain from intervening in changing or terminating the contract. The requirement for stability in investment contracts is primarily designed to counter and reduce political risk. It should be noted that the change in capitalist government policies is called political risk. It should be noted that the conditions of stability in all contracts have a particular role in preventing the host government from enacting laws contrary to the contract and changing the law in force at the time of the contract. Conditions of stability in investment contracts have been devised primarily to counter and reduce political risk. It is also included in long-term contracts, especially in the natural resources sector, in the investment contract. The main question of this study is, on what basis are the conditions of contract stability in American law? The study relies on the assumption that US law governs the authority to terminate administrative contracts. This research is a library-based descriptive-analytical study.

National authorities regulating currency generally do not have direct jurisdiction over virtual currencies, to date, as they are not national fiat currencies. However, currency regulators are influencing development of digital currency in several key indirect ways. Through their authority to protect the value and integrity of national fiat currencies, they take actions affecting digital currencies claiming that such actions are necessary to protect their national currency. Additionally, as these regulators generally have the authority to control the activities of banks and other key financial institutions, they influence digital currency development and use by restricting the ability of those institutions to use or accept virtual currency. Currency regulators commonly have jurisdiction over conversion of foreign currency, and through this role, they now routinely restrict the ability of parties to conduct conversions between digital currencies and traditional national currencies. National currency regulators have also issued substantial warnings to consumers of the risks associated with digital currency use. Currency regulators often have authority over funds transmission and money transfers, and they frequently exercise that jurisdiction in the context of virtual currency use. Some government are now exploring the possibility of government controlled digital currency and of government participation in the blockchain of existing virtual currency platforms.