Anthropogenic Pollution Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2020

Due to population growth and increased production of municipal solid waste, it is important to utilize this unused energy source, With the right technology, this resource can be used as energy production. Sources of biomass include various natural and derived materials, such as woody and herbaceous species, solid wastes (e.g. from forest thinning and harvesting, timber production and carpentry residues), agricultural and industrial residues, waste paper, municipal solid waste, sawdust, grass, waste from food processing, animal wastes, aquatic plants and industrial and energy crops grown for biomass In this study, in order to produce gas with high calorific value of solid waste in Tehran, a wide variety of compounds, steam and air intake fixed bed reactor has been investigated to identify the best combination. This essay will focus on the production of biogas with high calorific value. In this research, different compositions of air and steam as a reactor input have been examined and fixed base gasifier behavior in different situations have been specified which demonstrate that, best amount of air-steam composition with the most heat valuation is 12.26 (lb/s) for air input and 9.989 (lb/s) for steam input.

Using mineral admixtures in cement composites as a way to improve their mechanical and sustainable environmental properties is a common practice in concrete technology. Among them nano-silica effectively influences the composite's early and long-term properties. In this study, the effect of different percentages of TiO2 (0, 2.5 and 5 %) on self-cleaning properties and water absorption of cement composites containing nano-silica were investigated. according to the use of different cementitious material (nano-silica) and TiO2 in mix proportions, to obtain mixtures with a desirable workability, superplasticizer was added in different volume percentages.Better size distribution and pore refinement lead to a denser cement matrix with low porosity which in turn considerably lower the water absorption of the cement composites. the maximum final water absorption according to ASTM C497 is 9% for method A and 8.5% for method B. Comparsions of water absorption tests as a result of adding of TiO2 and nano-silica in concrete show that the maximum final water absorption is 4.9% in N1 design mixture and the minimum final water absorption is 4.3% in N2 design mixture.The incorporation of TiO2 has positively affected the results for nano-silica containing specimens. A decrease of 6.5% and 11.1% between N1 and N3 respectively shows the positive effect of TiO2 on decrease of water absorption. The results show that TiO2 along with nanosilica has great potential for improving the environmental and self- cleaning properties of concrete facades of buildings in cities exposed to high levels of cleanliness.

To investigate the pollutants of the Kor River, water samples were collected during the rice-growing season in 2014. The first fertilizer was diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4). After first irrigation, supplemented with fertilizer usage, in the upper layers of soil causes an increase of NO3− concentrations to reach from 7.3 to 25.7 mgl-1 at the agricultural lands beside the Sarbast village. At this point, the NO3− concentration was 5.3 mgl-1. After the application of the third fertilizer (by using of urea fertilizer) flood irrigation, lead to decreasing of NO3− concentration at surface soil samples to 3.5 mgl-. At the same time, before first fertilizer application at the soils located beside of Doroodzan Lake the NO3− concentration was 17.9 mgl-1 but after the first fertilizing it increased up to 31.4 mgl-1. Therefore, the NO3− concentrations (31.4 mgl-1) exceeded from the acceptable limits for drinking water at this site. During the second and the third periods of urea fertilizer application, at this point the NO3− concentration decreased from 4.43 mgl-1 to 2.2 mgl-1. In spite of using high amounts of fertilizer because of flood irrigation, the NO3− concentrations leaches to surface groundwater. The maximum nitrate pollution occurs in June, when the rice plants are in the early stage of growth. As rice canopy coverage is increased, the nitrate concentration reduced. The result focuses on the vital roles of plant coverage in nitrate absorption. If the fertilizer is rationally applied, phosphate loading into the river will be minimized. The rationality behind these procedures is explained.

Score-based biotic indices are widely used to evaluate the water quality of streams and rivers. The main objective of this study was the assessmentof the water quality of Karoon River throught biotic indices based on the Family Biotic Index (HFBI), and the Biological Monitoring Working Party Score System (BMWP). Macroinveratabrate communities are one of the most used groups in assessment of water quality, since they respond directively to the level of contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Sampling were performed in 4 stations (Menikh, Zhian Canal, Bahrakani and Dahaneh). Sampling was carried in each station over one year ( winter, spring, summer and autumn). Macroinvertebrates were collected by the grab quantitative sampller. Four phylaum (Nematoda, Annelidae, Mollusca and Arthropoda) distributed amoung 11 families were sampled. Station1 (Menikh) had the highest Macroinveratabrate diversity and richness. The highest density of aquatic invertabrates were recorded in winter (Annelidae 46%, Crustacea 28% ,Mullusca 21% and Diptera 5% ) and spring ( Mullusca 58%, Crustacea 27%,Nematoda 10% and Anellidae 5%) respectively. The BMWP index showed that the water quality was in the reguallar category (for Menikh, Zhian Canal and Bahrakani) and in the poor category (for Dahaneh). HFBI index pointed out the water quality was in the reguallar catagorry (for Menikh, Zhian Canal and Bahrakani) and poor category (for Dahaneh) . Biotic indices used reflected the changes to the water quality.

The use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural sector leads to increase of nitrate concentrations in surface and groundwater. The present study determined the vast impacts of agriculture in Ardabil Plain in the northwest of Iran. The study surveyed and measured the amount of nitrate concentration in groundwater sources of 46 wells in the region. Arc GIS software was used to zoning of the area by ordinary kriging function. To match the changes of nitrate concentrations with the land use patterns, images of Landsat Satellite ETM+ in June of 2012 was applied. To determine the relationship of agricultural land use with nitrate distribution in the area SPSS 16 software was used. According to the regression results, the use of agricultural land use and the amount of chemical fertilizer in the region are highly related with nitrate distribution with 95% accuracy. The results showed that the source of nitrate input to the region is the use of artificial nitrate fertilizer in agricultural activities.

Today, the quality of soil and water resources is affected by various pollutants. From the important chemical pollutants are heavy metals such as Arsenic. Arsenic is a metalloid that its unauthorized amounts in soil and ground water is a serious threat to human life .A mathematical and computer model of arsenic transport and transformation in a soil column from the surface to the groundwater is presented in this study. The flow and the corresponding moisture content and the concentration of a contaminant are considered here in as continuous functions of both space and time. The model simulates different species of arsenic such as arsenit, arsenat, and organic arsenic. This computer model is based on the mass balance equation,including convective transport, dispersive transport,surface adsorption, oxidation and reduction, volatilization, chemical and biological transformation. The governing equations are solved numerically by the implicit finite difference method. For the validation of model under transient states ,the data sets collected from Gorgan site, Golestan province.The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. With this study and its results the distribution of arsenic in soil column to ground water table can be predicted. The simulation results indicate as the total time from the beginning to the end of simulation increases , the concentration of Arsenic approaches the measured values , as indicated in the result

Among chemical industries, petroleum depots have been identified as large emitters of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).They affect air quality and constitute serious health and environmental problems on the ecosystem. Air samples were collected over activated charcoal, using a low volume air sampler. The sampler was placed at a human breathing height of 1.5 m for a sampling period of 8 hours at seven different sampling locations as follows; Workshop area, Slop Tanks area, Gate 1, Tank Farm area, Gate 2, Otiyelu Village and Marketer’s Block. Desorption process was performed on the adsorbed activated charcoal using a solvent extraction method. The extracted solutions were subjected to Flame Ionization Detection analysis in a Gas Chromatograph using a capillary column HP 5MS with length, inner diameter and particle size set at (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). The Gas Chromatograph was powered with ChemStation RevA09.01 software to determine the concentrations of each of the VOCs species present. The sampling collection and quantitative analysis described above is consistent with ANSI/ASTM D-1605-60 procedure. The identified VOCs species emitted were characterized by toluene (52.84%), benzene (37.61%), xylene (5.67%), and ethyl benzene (3.88%). The observed concentrations uncovered the air tolerance limits set by United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry.