نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 8، زمستان 1398)

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the dimensions of organizational learning among the companies of Kavian Industrial Town, Razavi Khorasan. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and it is an exploratory study in terms of implementation method. The statistical population is the employees of Kavian Industrial Town, Khorasan with a population of over 12000 people. Using Morgan's table, the sample of this research was conducted with 375 people. . which were selected randomly. In this research, Gomezh et al.'s organizational learning questionnaire, which is appropriate to the local culture of the statistical community and has a reliability of 0.91, was used to collect data. For data analysis, spss and smart pls software were used, and in order to determine the cluster exploratory factor analysis was used. By performing the Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test and the Bartlett test, it was ensured that the sampling adequacy and that the correlation matrix in the society is not equal to zero. The findings of the research showed that organizational learning in Kavian Industrial Town has four dimensions: management commitment, systemic vision, open space and experimentation, and knowledge transfer and integration.

Political development is one of the main branches of the broader concept of political development. In our country, the basics of the epistemology of political development in Iran were initially formed around the foundations of Western development, what is assumed today is that Understanding the concept of development and its pattern in any country and nation, if not localization, will form conflicting phenomena that will complicate the riddle of political development. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the change of the country's structures, the need for a revision of Western models was raised by the sympathizers and scholars of the system, and this was accomplished by the design and approval of the Iranian Islamic model of progress by the revolutionary leader. In the present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, the questionnaire and the content analysis method are first presented to express the theoretical framework of the research, and then by using the questionnaire method and its distribution among a group of elites and professors of the country, favorable strategies for political development in the Iranian Islamic model of progress. It has been proposed to improve the political development process in the country. Research findings show that issues such as attention to law, changing the pattern of basic education, development of party activities and self-knowledge based on examples of political development in the Islamic-Iranian model of progress include dignity, dignity, insight, accountability and responsibility; These are desirable solutions that can improve the process of political development in the country.

Given the increasing importance of the role of new social movements in the field of society, such as the feminist movement, has necessitated their consideration and analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran's relationship with them. This article has explored the identities of the feminist movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The methodology of this paper is qualitative and is based on the theoretical foundations of “Alain Touraine”. Accordingly, a comparative study of the identity of the feminist movement with the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran as the political system of the Islamic Revolution has been discussed. Based on the present study`s findings, it can be said that Islamic Republic of Iran has an identity beyond (different) feminism movement`s boundaries, although Islamic Republic of Iran, based on the “Islamic feminism” or “Muslim women's movement”, has been accompanied by feminism movement. Therefore, Muslim feminists can seek to be active and self-creator in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on their own identities. Thus, while maintaining and expressing its Islamic identity, the Muslim women's movement can play an effective role in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present study seeks to investigate the first ten sessions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly through an analytical-comparative approach. This study aimed to analyze the social and professional context of Members of Parliament (MPs) from the first to tenth sessions. It also answers some fundamental questions; such as “How was the social and specialized arrangement of the members of parliament during the last ten sessions?”, “What are the basic similarities and dissimilarities among these various sessions in terms of social context?” Therefore, the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly will be examined in terms of age distribution, gender, history of representation, education, and work experience to answer these questions. The results indicate that the Parliament of Iran is mainly composed of statesmen with a history of representation or government records. The trend of changes concerning the social context of the representatives indicates an increase in the median age and considering the higher education degrees, in particular, in the fields of management and political science. Therefore, it is inferred that the level of the fame of candidates and their titles have played a determinant role in drawing attention and gaining votes.

The metropolis of Tehran because it expresses the manifestation of people's beliefs and way of life and the result of their attitude; they can appear as identity factors for the people of this city. In this regard, the present study has studied the symbols of Tehran and its role in urban identity from the perspective of citizens of Tehran metropolis. Therefore, by survey method, with the statistical population of people aged 18 and over living in 22 districts of Tehran, a sample size (N= 400), in a possible way and by sampling method with a questionnaire whose reliability with Cronbach's alpha is 0.895. It was done. The results showed that the respondents' mental attitude towards urban identity between different age groups (5.315) and activity groups (4.243) has a significant difference at 99% confidence. Also, the score of the respondents' spatial attitude towards urban identity between different age groups (3.468) and activity groups (5.360) has a significant difference at 99% confidence level. The findings of this study also indicate the existence of a strong and significant relationship at 99% confidence between social capital and mental attitude of urban identity of Tehran citizens and the existence of a significant relationship between modernism and spatial attitude of urban identity at 95% confidence. Finally, the relationship between mental attitude and spatial attitude towards urban identity (with a correlation coefficient of 0.716) is positive and shows a direct and linear relationship between mental attitude and spatial attitude towards urban identity.

During the years 1953-78, various political discourses competed with each other in the socio-political atmosphere of Iran, among which the monarchy discourse was in the hegemonic position and the discourses of nationalism, Marxism and Islamism were considered as rival discourses. Studying the relationship between competing discourses and hegemonic discourse is one of the main goals of this research. The main question of the research is what are the floating and central signifers of the Monarchy discourse in the period of 1953-78 and what was the relationship between this discourse and the rival discourses? The findings show that the central signifer of the Monarchy discourse is king-centered, and its floating signifers, are Authoritarianism, Archaic Nationalism, Positive Nationalism, Great Civilization and Religious Superficiality. Some of the competing discourses were in agreement with some of the above-mentioned signifers, but they were also in conflict with some of them and were considered weakening of the mentioned signifers. This research has benefited from the theory of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse, and the research method is discourse analysis and the qualitative interpretive method and based on documentary and library data.

Examine the role of social forces in the political developments of the major issues in society, political sociology is. Including the distinct social classes is that the analysis L function group for their social and political role. Among the social divisions, the role of the traditional middle class has always been taken into account in the political and social developments of Iran. Theoretical framework for analyzing the traditional middle class, capital of Pierre Bourdieu's theory is to try to have relationships with social class considered capital and suggests that the traditional middle class during the formation of the Islamic Revolution through the Proper operation of the enterprise in various economic, social, political, and cultural and symbolic able to win another competitor and hegemonic role in the political power structure. In this study, for collecting information, library and field and questionnaires were used .The population consisted of professional managers and experts in the field of political developments in Iran are. For paired comparison and ranking of criteria and sub -criteria, techniques (ANP) On the Software Applications Super Decisions Has been used. The results showed that the four main criteria identified capital of the traditional middle class during the formation of the Islamic Revolution, a measure of capital of cultural and symbolic capital has the greatest weight was found after the political of social capital and economic rank next in this investigation are.

Social Justice is one of the Basic Issues in Human Life. Considering the importance of discussing the sense of social justice, the present study seeks to answer the main question of whether there is a relationship between the tendency to national identity and the sense of social justice in the city of Bandar Abbas? The statistical population of this study is all citizens aged 18 years and above in Bandar Abbas city, 384 of whom were surveyed as sample size and SPSS software and structural equations (Smart PLS) were used for data analysis.The results show that between the tendency towards national identity (P= 0.34) and its indicators namely political identity (P= 0.38), territorial identity (P= 0.32), cultural identity (P= 0.28), Historical identity (P= 0.23) and religious identity (P= 0.43) have a positive, direct and significant relationship with citizens' sense of social justice. Therefore, all the research hypotheses are confirmed. The results of the structural equation model (Smart PLS) also show that national identity tendency has a moderate effect on social justice (0.45) and national identity variable (0.21) on social justice variable variance explains.

In the general purpose of this study, we seek to explain the indicators affecting the two elements of social capital and public trust in Iranian society. And in the partial purpose of the present study, the time period of the tenth and eleventh governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been considered: have the two elements of social capital and public trust in the government of Dr. Hassan Rouhani increased or decreased? In this research, two methods of content validity and structural validity were used to determine the validity, and in order to analyze the data, SPSS and PLS software were used. The rule of law, political stability and non-violence, accountability, the fight against corruption and the right to comment affect social capital and public trust in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Trust, participation in civic organization, communication with others, commitment and responsibility, cooperation and team spirit and a sense of collective identity are components of social capital. Good governance has a positive effect on social capital and public trust in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

 Considering the challenge of the multiplicity and nature of discourses within the discourse of the principles of citizenship rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran, one can use dialectical methods within the framework of the principles of Alawy discourse, citizenship rights with ijtihadist conclusions and deduction of deductive meaning. Considering the principles of positive-negative laws. And from the confusion of intra-discourse efforts such as one-sidedness, precedence and latency, and the propositions of hybrid (physical-eclectic) discourse ideas; Adopted the invention of industry within the organic (dynamic) discourse. In this regard, according to the study done through library, media and electronic sources, with a rational method (discourse content analysis), the type of discourse (Shiite Islam), the scope of truth from space and the depth of task from other discourses (liberalism And Marxism) more broadly and eclectic discourse, as evidenced by the history of Iran, by creating instability in the nature and anonymity that has arisen, leading to divergence and instability of our own discourse and ultimately leading to the non-institutionalization of citizenship rights and the basis of the challenge. Has been the progress of society.

The Islamic Republic of Iran as a government emerged from the Islamic Revolution, has its own priorities based on semantic structure and special interests, and over the past four decades, it has pursued policies in its surrounding environment, which can now be evaluated. Accordingly, In the present article, this hypothesis was examined that “Persian language as one of the main components of Iranian identity is in the subset of the global Shiite discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran and has the capacity to act as a complement to this discourse, and due to its historical depth, expand the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran beyond the current borders”. The data required for the research were collected by library method and in the sphere of constructivist theory, the methodology has an interpretive nature. The findings of the study indicate that the Islamic Republic of Iran faces challenges such as the complex geopolitical rivalries of other actors and the Persian-Pashtun language challenge in Afghanistan and the separation of Tajik-speaking Persians; for Linguistic realm building in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. However, it has advantages such as the deep background and cultural influence of the Persian language in the peripheral regions of Iran that has served as a vehicle for the development of religious thought in this region, It presents opportunities for the Islamic Republic of Iran by emphasizing on cultural, linguistic, historical and religious commonalities, which can lead to greater cooperation and convergence of Persian-speaking territories.

Investigating the factors affecting centrifugal tendencies in the Kurdish regions of IranAbstractDivergent tendencies in some Kurdish provinces have led to the selection of control policies by the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has disrupted the process of political development in Iran and has continuously provided challenges in the western border areas of the country. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of what internal and external factors affect the centrifugal tendency of the Kurdish regions with a qualitative approach and with the aim of development-application? And the field (interview and questionnaire) was used and the community Samples from the statistical population (researchers and experts) were selected with a theoretical saturation approach of 40 people. In this way, it is possible to use a deductive approach, that is, to rule from the whole to the part. The research findings show that two categories of internal and external factors affect the centrifugal orientation of some people in the Kurdish regions; External interventions can play a significant role in resolving this issue.Keywords: Centrifugal tendency, Kurdish ethnicity, Kurdish areas, Political development, Islamic Republic of Iran.

SummaryIn World War II, following the Allied occupation of Iran, American statesmen, recognizing Iran''s position in the region and the military and economic weakness of the second Pahlavi era, emerged as an advisory force. During the years 1320-1357, American advisers carried out the mission of providing security and maintaining their resources and interests in the Persian Gulf with the capabilities of the Iranian army. Iran extended its defense strategy beyond international borders and enjoyed US support in the face of the Eastern superpower.Research Method Descriptive research and interpretation of events based on the tool of collecting documentary information and documents with the method of library studies and archives of document centers deals with the historical developments of contemporary Iran.The purpose of this study is to identify the military and security policies of the US government during the Second Pahlavi era, which is defined in the structure of defense and security strategy.In conclusion, the role of US policymakers in using the Iranian army as a tool to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman in competition with the superpower of the East is discussed.

Political factions are created with the aim of gaining power and competing for its realization, and in order to hegemony by intensifying and marginalizing challenges and differences, they intensify the power struggle, so that in order to gain and consolidate power, Influencing public opinion is approaching its goal Therefore, it was important to know how the political factions deal with these challenges. The question "What elements of the two factions of fundamentalism - conservatism and reformism - moderation from (2013-2018) has intensified the discourse challenges between these two factions?" It showed that the marginalization and highlighting of elements from different economic, political, etc. areas by the two factions has intensified these challenges. And the analysis of the data with the method of comparative research showed that both factions, due to the challenges and discourse in the political, economic, etc. fields, have destroyed the rival image and were able to alienate many Make existing inequalities natural.

Mines in the production of wealth and employment are effective components and important in the growth and development of societies. Our country also has good potential. Developments in this area require a new approach to mining rights and exploitation. But for this important use of domestic and foreign investment capacities, we need legal support from domestic and foreign investors that expands the scope of private sector responsibility and has the necessary incentive to continue investing. The development of mining activities will increase employment and, consequently, reduce social harms. This paper is a qualitative research and library and documentary methods were used for collection. results show; Given the importance of the mining sector and its impact on the country's economic growth, it is necessary in the legislative field, given the ups and downs in jurisprudence and law, to attract domestic and foreign investors to maximize the country's mineral capacity and consequently increase employment and Reduce unemployment and reduce social harm.

Waqf is an eternal good and a lasting tradition that is usually felt due to the passage of time, the need to update its consumption; Today, endowments may face issues such as conflict with government, public interest, traditional management rule, and consequently ineffectiveness and efficiency; Changes in this issue require issues such as reviewing the definition of endowments and its examples, proper use of its revenues and increasing the scope of property, as well as licenses for endowment money and the use of participation bond tools to revive endowments and guarantee effective implementation of existing laws and resolving There are legal gaps in order to make sufficient use of the proceeds of the endowment. The present research seeks to answer the question of how and in what direction the endowment income can be used in the right way with a descriptive and analytical method, which requires careful research and expertise, otherwise in We will be deprived of benefiting from the endowment at the right time and place. Finally, it is concluded that due to the changes in the world and the tendency to limit the role of the public sector in the economic, social and cultural spheres, the role of two non-governmental sectors has been in the spotlight. One is the private sector and the other is the non-profit civil sector, headed by "endowment and charitable institutions".

In the virtual stores of Iran and the European Union, the dissolution of electronic contracts is done through the exercise of the right to return goods and services. This right, also known as the right of cancellation in Iran, has so far been granted only to consumers in electronic contracts and in the European Union in all distance selling contracts. Using this right, goods and services can be returned to Iran within 7 days and in the European Union, goods within 7 days and services within 14 days to the supplier of goods and services. However, with the adoption of the latest EU directive (No. 83 of 2011), both recent deadlines have been increased to 14 days. There are two ambiguities about this right: The first ambiguity is its nature, which has a vague face and is similar to institutions such as termination and invalidity. The second ambiguity is that although the right to return goods and services has financial implications and should in principle be scrapable and transferable; However, the conditions related to the voluntary or forced transfer of this right have been declared invalid by the legislator. In this study, according to the Iranian Electronic Commerce Law approved in 2003 and EU Directive No. 83 adopted in 2011, the mentioned ambiguities were examined and it was seen that the right to return goods and services is not a term and is a ruling.

Land reform was one of the most important programs implemented during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah and brought about profound changes in the field of land ownership, class structure, social mobility and the composition of the ruling groups. The aim was to implement social and political land reforms, the main consequences of which were to break the political and social influence of the owners. This research has used a descriptive-analytical method and the events have been analyzed using historical documents, memoirs of politicians and interviews with eyewitnesses.In this study, the hypothesis is that the socio-political consequences of land reform led to the growth and intensification of urban marginalization and ultimately the spread and strengthening of radicalism among young people. Findings show that the occurrence of land reform led to large-scale migration of villagers to cities, and because these villagers had low incomes, they were forced to live on the outskirts of large cities, which intensified and increased urban marginalization.In the political arena, the implementation of land reforms led to the weakening of the power of the landlords and increased the influence and concentration of government power in the villages. In this study, an attempt has been made to answer the question of why there is a connection between land and politics during the second Pahlavi regime.

There are objections to the legal status of a person seeking a change in his or her interest and a lawsuit. Accordingly, the present situation must be in accordance with the rules and principles, and the person seeking change must be required to present his or her arguments. In the science of principles and throughout the world, the principle is that the claimant must bear the burden of proving his claim. The same can be said of Iran's Civil Procedure Code. Islamic jurisprudence also supports this view, and this has been emphasized in transnational civil procedure. The rules and principles that are raised about the claimant and the burden of proof are the same in contracts, legal events and civil liability, and the difference between the source and the origin of the obligation has no significant effect on the rules governing proof. But at the stage of applying the rules, the situation is different. It is worth noting that the court may be able to bear part of the evidence in this way by accepting its pro-active view and, in some cases, changing the position of the claimant. In this article, this issue is examined in detail.

Theory of lost opportunity that considers the future economic losses, Recoverable; Although widespread in British Law but Iranian law has not been addressed as it should be. We are faced with more challenges in assessing these damages, and no clear and precise criteria have been provided. Obviously, the existence of a vague criterion makes it difficult to argue for compensation under the rules of civil liability and has no preventive effect. Therefore, the main challenge of this article is to examine the criteria for calculating the opportunity loss in British law and to examine their applicability to Iranian law. At the end of this article it will be clear that in British law, the doctrine of lost opportunity is used as a way of calculating compensable damages in the assumption of loss. And calculate the amount of damage, using the "all or nothing" rule and the "Proportional Rule" to determine the Possibility and extent of the damages. The rule is relative to the recent approach of the British courts, which is also applicable to Iranian law when the probability of achieving the result is not weak.

Administrative proceedings in relation to other types of proceedings (legal and criminal) in addition to the technical and professional aspects of the subject of administrative lawsuits, is also important for the political dimension of these lawsuits. The structure of administrative proceedings in different countries is not designed in a single way and not necessarily under the judiciary. To what extent have administrative lawsuits existed in Iran and the United States, and what is the status of the administrative litigation body in the legal system, and the need to meet the requirements of administrative lawsuits, to establish an independent structure to hear such lawsuits (independent of the judiciary or independent courts) The present study seeks to answer the above question in a descriptive and analytical manner. The ruler of the "administration" should give the governed against the administration and administrators the right to sue and file a lawsuit against the government.

Social cohesion has given rise to poverty, poverty, poverty, and poverty. The present study, which aims at the Social cohesion has given rise to poverty, poverty, poverty, and poverty. The present study, which aims to link the relationship between social trust and social harmony among the citizens of Yasouj, is an applied study in terms of the type of purpose, a broad study in terms of breadth, a small scope in terms of scope and a cross-sectional study in terms of time. Research Method In this research, the survey method and data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study is all people aged 18 and over in Yasuj, whose number is about 110,000 according to the latest statistics, and 376 of them have been selected as a sample size based on the Cochran's formula.The results indicate that there is a positive, direct and significant relationship between social trust and its dimensions, ie basic trust, interpersonal trust, institutional trust and generalized trust with the degree of social adaptation of young people. Therefore, all research hypotheses are confirmed. The results of the structural equation model (Smart PLS) also showed that the total effect of the independent variable of social trust on social cohesion of citizens is 0.63.

According to sociological scholars, the literature of any other story or literary work recounts the events of its time, and the story is, in fact, the artistic expression of the same social events; The only difference is that sociology talks about those issues in scientific language. Therefore, the study of literature in a scientific way, the essence of literary works, the conditions and requirements of the social environment that includes and nurtures the poet and writer, as well as worldview, their intellectual and cultural position according to social orders. In this article, we examine the socio-political nature of Ahmad al-Ghazali's "Tragedies of Love" with respect to Goldman's constructivist method. The results of the research show that the content of Ahmad Ghazali's tragedies is influenced by the political, social, cultural and economic conditions of his time and shows the maximum collective awareness of the author's social class. In this way, they examine the content of the literary work and its relation to the society in which the work was created, and instead of describing the content of the literary work, they examine its content and its relation to the world in a particular period.This research is based on the library method and descriptive-analytical method.

Political Islam encompasses a wide range of controversial issues that have been constantly exposed to theoretical study and scientific research due to the occurrence of political and international developments. In this article, the issue of extremist political Islam and the political dignity of women in this emerging discourse are addressed.In the introduction section to the definition of the main concepts,the research background, the main question and hypothesis and the two theoretical and practical levels are examined. The research method of discourse analysis has been selected based on central signaling, centralization and otherness.In this article, jihadi groups such as al-Qaeda, takfiri groups such as ISIS, propagandists such as Islamic groups in East Asia, and political groups such as the Brotherhood have been examined, and we have come to the conclusion that these emerging sects fall into the category of Afrafi Islam. Two groups, jihadi and takfiri, have been studied.

The cultural systems of the world, according to sociologists, were established with the advent of religion, but the influence of different religions on the formation of social culture has been different. The sociological attitude of such religions is based on the "mixed originality of the individual and society" and the rules and teachings of such religions are not limited to a particular aspect of human life. Slowly, in such societies, it is a function of religious teachings, but this does not mean that every social culture necessarily has a relationship and harmony with religion and its teachings. Religiosity is one of the factors affecting the behavior and attitudes of human beings in different societies and is one of the most important phenomena that social science researchers have paid attention to.The goal of cultural policy-making should be to provide the right conditions for human talents to flourish and to spread creativity and innovation. Be efficient in cultural affairsTherefore, in this study, the relationship between religion and culture on social policy in Tehran has been studied.

The problem of sustainable development can be presented as a general approach, development theories, even liberal and Marxist development theories, inspired by Western societies, to offer models for the whole world. The main idea of ​​sustainable development that affirms this view is the model of transcendent humanism, based on the understanding of the development of social economy that arises from advanced scientific approaches, the growth and development of human virtues, freedom and human power are guaranteed. What seems to be emerging as a sublime truth from the perspective of this development process is the combination of the specialized scientific development of "social economy development" of progress and growth. In addition, the idea of ​​sustainable development has declined compared to modernization. Third world countries are judged on the model of developed countries, and all of them are derived from the model of ancient modernization. This type of racism is used around the world as a unique model of modernization, and is also used to link underdeveloped countries as backwardness. In fact, the line between development and modernization is not very clear. While the first case (development) refers to various social factors that seek to change their society, and the other (modernization) shows the capacity of social system development to produce a transcendent legal and political system related to the environment. In this article, the author refers to a descriptive-analytical method to explain the mechanisms for realizing the right to sustainable global development in the field of environment.

In the current situation where the country is facing many problems and economic problems in some sectors due to sanctions, taking a step towards a resilient economy in the urban area can be a good platform for proper spending and reducing urban costs, realizing potential capacities. The city, the optimal and timely use of existing opportunities, urban management strategies and the use of creativity and innovation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the pattern of realization of resistance economy in urban management with jihadi management approach. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. In this research, a model has been presented through documentary study and with the help of Delphi method and expert opinion. Data analysis was first performed using descriptive statistics. The proposed model included a jihadi management dimension consisting of 5 components and 90 indicators. Then, in order to statistically analyze the data, factor analysis methods were used and the research model was tested by structural equation method. The results showed that the obtained model will play an essential role in the realization of resistance economy in urban management through improving economic indicators, legal framework, promotion and improvement of administrative system, national determination and economic justice as components of jihadi management.

The present study is of applied-developmental type. A qualitative approach was used to collect data. In order to collect qualitative data with 10 managers, deputies, experts and experts of knowledge-based companies located in science and technology parks in the geographical area of ​​Tehran and university professors who have a history of teaching and writing in the field of entrepreneurship , In-depth face-to-face interviews and their presence at work. Purposeful sampling method was used to select the sample. In this study, the proposed approach of Strauss and Carbin in the field of foundation data theory was used to analyze the data. The final model of the research based on the results showed that digital entrepreneurship itself consists of three sub-factors, which are the improvement of digital innovation and commercialization and the ICT sector, opportunity analysis and resource management. Causal conditions include knowledge and skills of digital entrepreneurship, adoption of marketing perspectives, protection of intellectual property and job creation and job creation and the central phenomenon of research along with intervention factors (competitive and customer factors, legal infrastructure and technology development) and Underlying factors (individual entrepreneurial factors and competencies and environmental factors) determine strategies and strategies to deal with the phenomenon of digital entrepreneurship. According to the findings of this study, these strategies included dynamic capabilities, customer, market and financial., the adoption of these strategies with the aim of managing digital entrepreneurship in the organization can have various consequences, including sales and profits, innovation and development of digital and added value.

The death penalty has been one of the most violent crimes in the history of mankind, but over time many countries around the world have abandoned this type of punishment and even in the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, this type of punishment is not condemned and is considered against human rights. In most countries, instead of heavy punishments such as the death penalty, they use the guarantee of other executions, and more importantly, they take ways to prevent crimes against humanity. Unfortunately, in the laws of our country, punishments such as execution, stoning, etc. are among the life-threatening crimes that originate from jurisprudence but are not very compatible with today's world. And appropriate alternatives in the way of reforming the individual, society and expanding the security of society, and in this way, efforts are made to examine the schools, laws and views of researchers, sociologists and jurists to choose the appropriate solution.

Ibn Sina believes in a metaphysical and ontological view between existence and the creator of possibilities - or his transcendence -. While creatures are changeable, and what is changeable and arises from non-existence cannot be the cause of its existence, then the cause of its existence is an absolute and eternal being. He thinks of the world as follows: The world was created out of nothing and with time. This means that time came into being with creation. Augustine and Ibn Sina both believed in the creation of the world by God. Ibn Sina proves time through motion. But in his early research, Augustine tried to define time in terms of motion, but in later theories rejected the definition of motion by time. Ibn Sina considers the category of motion to be precisely related to the concepts of power and action, and by considering the category of motion, he divides the material world into two worlds, the sub-moon and the supermoon. In Augustine's view, the one true God is made up of three persons under the headings: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Augustine believes that God created the world from formless matter, and that matter was created from non-existence.

"Character" is one of the important elements of the story; An element with pre-existing moral and conscious characteristics that is present in a variety of stories and plays; It is the basis of the story and all the events, narrative, theme and theme of the story revolve around him. However, "characterization" is one of the main components and one of the important and noteworthy techniques in storytelling that shows the ability and creativity of the author and can even be considered as a characteristic of his writing style. This descriptive-analytical study has investigated the element of "personality" and its types in terms of nature, extent of narrative role, variability, scope and type of application in Jafar Shahri's novel "Bitter Sugar". Findings show that the characters in the story "Bitter Sugar" are diverse in terms of application as comprehensive characters are seen alongside simple characters, but in terms of variability, the characters in this story (except one character), all static are.

Developing countries have a special focus on small and medium-sized businesses in order to succeed in economic growth, reduce unemployment, and create small multinational corporations. Therefore, making full use of the existing capacities of this type of business is very important in the economic development of countries. Also, due to the phenomenon of globalization and reduction of trade borders of countries, the importance of internationalization of start-up businesses, especially in the field of advanced technologies (such as bio, nanotechnology and renewable energy) in regional and national growth and development has become more prominent. . In addition to the benefits of using knowledge and technology, many of these successful companies in internationalization also benefit from the benefits of manpower skills and the interactions and networks between them. Despite the importance of the mentioned issues, there is still no clear and operational local model that is due to in-depth study of the existing factors and the combination of the mentioned factors together and in a holistic way in this field. There is a mentioned area in the field of internationalization development of small and medium businesses.

According to human dignity, it is based on the divine worldview (divine caliph) in the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which includes a set of duties, including rights, duties, for all members of society (people, civil society and men's government). And the results of improving the level of human interaction (citizenship rights) between members of society in terms of internal relations depend on empathy and common language and external relations depend on the sovereignty of the nation over the government. Thus, according to the subject of the article, in examining the causes of the basis of empathy and language challenges among people with government officials by analytical method (rational theories) using library and media resources after determining and explaining the set of political, social and economic considerations And moral, according to the results Alawite appropriate behavior takes place at the four moral levels, where moral behavior in the organizational arena is influenced by the social level as the largest part; The legal level derived from rules and regulations, which is a large part of organizational ethics; The organizational level of instructions, including bylaws and directives, and the individual level (personal values of individuals) are the basic reasons for the formation of empathy and communication between the nation and the government.

The aim of this study was to investigate the current situation of political education in the elementary school of the Iranian education system using qualitative research using documentary analysis with a statistical sample of the textbook of teacher work in lessons, social studies, Persian and celestial gifts. Purposefully selected, done. The results of the research showed that the situation of political education in the primary school curriculum is not very favorable. Relevant goals focus more on the cognitive and emotional dimensions and have been neglected on the behavioral or skill dimension. The content of the curriculum has not been able to provide a good opportunity for political education of children based on the idea of ​​religious democracy and needs a fundamental and serious review. Although the proposed teaching and evaluation methods seem to be learner-centered and active, they can not be very effective due to the shortcomings and weaknesses of the educational content. On the other hand, there seems to be no coordination between the curriculum of social education, Persian and heavenly gifts in terms of political education.

Undoubtedly,morality is one of the most fundamental issues in the individual and social life of any nation.In Islam, after monotheism,no subject such as morality has been considered.For this reason, moral issues are widely reflected in the poetry and literature of any nation,especially in the field of Persian literature.The present research has been compiled in an analytical-descriptive manner and gathering information from the poetry collection of Ouhadi Maragheh and a five-volume collection of books by Amali Sharif Al-Morteza and extracting poems that contain moral and educational themes.The results of this study show that these poets have a school of thought and with the founding of the University of Thought,they have mastered various sciences and have become the genius of their time and a model of permanence in history for the world of humanity with the birth of creative thought.Another isthat the common moral and educational approaches in the poetry of these poets,including attention to self-purification,patience,anti-oppression,humility,forgiveness,good manners,etc,which makes the speech And their words will never take on an old color.Another achievement of this research is that literature is not the art of translating words in the form of poetry and stories or anecdotes and humor,but represents the great and wise schools of thought that can be the guide of the human world and combined science and art.It is entering the world of other sciences and it can be interpreted as Umm al-Ulum;Because all other sciences and sciences need the linguistic knowledge of literature to present themselves and establish scientific and human relations

The importance of expanding and strengthening the standard system and the relationship between standardization coverage and its development and the realization of a resistance economy raises the question of what are the effective factors and obstacles in this field if there is a serious decision and determination to expand standardization coverage. Given the importance of standardization and the emphasis of general policies of the resistance economy on this issue, this study has been conducted with the aim of modeling the factors affecting the expansion of standardization coverage in the country. In this regard, first by conducting interviews and holding expert meetings by brainstorming method, the most important dimensions and factors affecting the standardization coverage in the country have been identified and then by compiling a questionnaire and completing it by managers, experts and experts of the National Standards Organization, The pattern between these factors should be identified structurally. The results of this study show that the two main variables affecting the expansion of standardization coverage in the country are "expansion of standardization system" and "improvement and expansion of standards", which has a higher degree of effectiveness of "improvement and expansion of standards". And also the variables "barriers ahead" and "economic conditions" through this variable affect the expansion of standardization coverage. The variable "General policies of the standardization system" as an upstream factor also directly affects the expansion of standardization coverage.

When it comes to myth, we all think of strange creatures and myths, including dragons, that have playd an important rol in the sociological field of diferent nations in the past. A demonic and evil creature that has hadsignificant presence in many mythological and cultural beliefs of different nations. The aim of this researcher in this article is to study the sociology of dragon body in Ferdosi Shahname and Iranian epic texts. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies. The result of this study shows that in the culture of Iranian society in ancient times, the dragon is a symbol of evil and in the mythological culture of almost all nations, including Iran, has the property of being a sculptor and acording to its conditions and time can Transform other beings, which is a sociologically important issue. Because in a society whose culture is based on mythological culture, this issue can reflect its mythological vision in relation to human society. The dragon itself is transformed from a snake and in epic texts, it usually turns into a human in the role of Zahak, a black cloud, Fereydun and Jamshid. This evil creature has almost nothing to do with destroying human beings in almost all societies except China. In some cases, it distances itself from its demonic temperament and avoids harming human beings. However, the dragon in the culture and folk beliefs of Iran, which also interacts with society, is still going through the same demonic cours.

The rule of invalidity is one of the rules that is formed in line with the protection of the rights of the accused and creates a balance between public power and the rights of the accused in a way that seeks a basic balance to improve the performance of public forces and create social will. This rule is accepted in different legal systems based on specific criteria and its implementation criteria in the Iranian legal system is ambiguous. The executive basis of the rule is based on both subjective and objective thinking. In the first approach, individual and collective interests determine its implementation. But in the second approach, external events, which are the manifestation of fundamental principles and regulations, improve criminal proceedings. The basic principle in criminal proceedings, which is based on developments in human rights and the world, should be considered as a new criterion that will change the laws towards human rights laws. The result is the confirmation of the rise of the two legal systems towards objective thinking and attention to the basic and fundamental criteria as the basis for identifying the rule of invalidity, reason and attention and emphasis on improving the performance of the judiciary based on new developments in human rights.

In Article 190 of the Civil Code, the legislator mentioned the need for the legitimacy of the "direction" of the transaction as one of the basic conditions for the validity of the transaction. "What will be the trade?" Whether it is issued is current or not needs to be discussed. The opinion of lawyers for the transaction is the same motivation that directly motivates the person to do the transaction. This motivation must be in legitimate transactions. And if the direction of the transaction is illegitimate, in jurisprudential discussions, three theories of correctness, invalidity, and corrupt and corrupting condition have been proposed, and some jurists believe that the direction specified in the contract will be sufficient for the knowledge of the contracting party. If a commercial document is issued in commercial transactions and the formal conditions of the commercial document are in accordance with commercial laws, it will enjoy the privileges of commercial documents. It has no effect on it and the issuer and endorsers are responsible to the holder in good faith.

Stratification is a social mechanism that guarantees the social status of worthy people. Political participation has also been considered by political sociologists as an important aspect of political culture. In our country, with the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the change in the political system, the level of awareness and political participation of the people has increased. Khuzestan province, regardless of its size, has a variety of ethnicities and in addition to the Persian people, it includes the Bakhtiari, Lor, Bahmaei and Arab ethnicities. Simultaneously with the influence of modernity, the country is in the orbit of consumerism and modern economic flow, the implementation of external social, economic and cultural development programs at the national level, changing international conditions and globalization and the entry of elements of modern society such as monetary exchanges and education. Modern upbringing, growth of public awareness, construction and development of oil facilities, growth of migration from villages and expansion of urbanization, especially after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, through a developmental cultural process, has caused a slow and slow change in the stratification system of this province. Findings show; The stratification of Khuzestan society in a multidimensional process paves the way for the formation of a meaningful structure based on the components of power, wealth and social culture in interaction with the acquired characteristics of native students such as education, prestige and scientific values ​​and creates an integrated model based on elements. It has become traditional and modern,

Today, we are the mother of the amazing siege of the consumption of goods and material things. Although before, the consumption of various goods was in line with economic needs. To achieve this, there are goods for consumption that can be exposed to the eyes of others and in this way to arouse the admiration of others. In other words, the theatrical consumption of goods is a symbolic act whose main purpose is to draw attention to others. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting theatrical consumption and develop the process of dramatic consumption of products in the market by marketers to meet the needs of consumers. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory method and has been done with the help of meta-combined qualitative research method and content analysis by conducting exploratory interviews, participatory observations and reviewing related articles, after studies in the field of consumption. 11 main themes and 24 sub-themes were introduced demonstratively and during the step-by-step stages of content analysis.

Brand is necessary for strategy which helps organizations to create value more. Future world of marketing is brand management world, these brands are related with consumer rather than organizations and their products. In this research, quality data based theory method was used. Method for collecting data is to perform semi-structure interview to consumers and experts in the field of it and sampling is theoretical one. After interview and collect data, the codes were analyzed and after three steps including open, axial and selective coding, final model was obtained. Final model consists of axial category, factorial conditions, interventional conditions, strategies and outcomes and results derived from branding. Each of terms and the factors has variables and categorizes which caused to branding. As for significant gap between branding and potential, this research tries to offer strategy for branding of Iranian successful products by discussing and identify effective dimensions and variables by concentrate upon native indicators in year of jump in production as one of the lost circles.

One of the most important issues in marketing and consumer behavior, is customer options and his buying behavior. This study aims to examine the role of environmental and perceptional factors on store patronage intention and driving customers to purchase from chain stores. This study is applied in terms of the purpose; it is also based on sequential (qualitative-quantitative) mixed method. The model was proposed qualitatively using grounded theory method. Data was collected through semi-structural interview with 20 experts and using purposive sampling method. The statistical population of the quantitative phase of the study consisted of 196 persons who have purchased from certain chain stores located in Tehran. These persons were randomly selected as statistical sample using a researcher-made questionnaire that resulted from the operationalization of the existing concepts in the model. Data analysis was performed by confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling using partial least square method using SmartPLS software and results are yielded for managesrs of chain stores and even wholsalers.

The purpose of each term is to identify the people and institutions of both parties, regardless of their type. The victim's knowledge that the victim was in the hospital, took him / her and gave him / her time to walk in the distance. When the victim dies, the victim is treated every time he or she visits the victim, and indeed, the victim enters the hospital at any time. Hence, the fundamental question is whether there is any evidence that he has ever committed a crime in the Iranian penal system. In fact, it is said that any event that gives attention to energy and energy will provide a warming effect on the body. In Iran, due to the fact that they are still alive and well, there are clear grounds for the victim to interfere in the affairs of the country. Each time the victims were in and out of the airwaves, the firefighters were them.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of politics in the productive economy after the 1979 revolution. The method in this research is based on qualitative and historical methods. In this research, the approach is to the subject of political economy. Studies have shown that the acceptance of productive capital in various sectors, as well as the emergence of ideas in the path of creating added value in society in various forms, the conversion of stagnant capital into productive capital by planning in the form of very faint plans or bills , Which became the basis for the formation of specific objectives of this research. The impact of internal and external factors, reduced presence in the world free market and the lack of a real free market in the country and the lack of strong laws protecting private property, lack of civil society oversight of power behavior, strengthening the formation of Iranian business capital due to lack of suitable arena Productive capitalist competition has been seen in research.

The civil law does not explicitly state the husband's obligation to live in a shared home, but custom considers it a means of good association with the wife. Meanwhile, due to the legislator's obligation to live in a shared home, it seems that the common practice between couples is against this rule, and couples separate after the execution of the divorce decree, and it rarely happens that they live together. According to common custom, the residence of the couple in a joint home after the execution of the divorce decree is considered a reprehensible thing and in practice it is not possible to enforce this sentence. The question is, if one of the spouses refuses to live together, whether during the marriage or during the reciprocal divorce, can they be forced to carry out this sentence in practice? What is the guarantee of its implementation? Regarding the nature of the couple's residence in the cohabitation, although cohabitation is required by the contract and the opposite is possible, but this cohabitation is also a right of the husband and one of the means of good association and its termination alone is not possible and Must be with the consent of both parties.

Iran is one of the oldest countries in development planning. Codified programs before the revolution began in 1327 and continued until 1977. But the country in these periods not only did not achieve the desired development goals, but is still at the beginning of a tumultuous path. Regarding the failure of Iran's development plans, domestic and foreign development thinkers and theorists have said that each of them can be considered from its own scientific perspective. One of the main reasons for not achieving the goals of development programs is the lack of theoretical support and development paradigm. In this research, an attempt has been made to present a model of planning in the country from a historical and analytical point of view, in which the role of structures, people, historical events, major economic fluctuations, political tendencies and the main influential factors in program policy are considered. To be placed main

Nowadays, pressure in concluding contracts is less visible in the form of physical reluctance and violence, but for various internal and external reasons, people's satisfaction in concluding a contract is impaired. According to jurists, the existence of emergency conditions in concluding a contract does not harm the validity of the contract, even though it impairs the individual's consent to the transaction; But if the same emergency situation is abused and an unfair contract is imposed on the victim, this contract can not be supported. Due to the silence of our legislator in this regard, jurists have proposed a guarantee of various actions such as invalidity, right of termination, non-influence and the ability to modify or cancel the contract for this type of contract. In Imami jurisprudence, although the popular opinion emphasizes the validity of this type of contract, but some jurists have proposed the invalidity of the contract regarding the excess amount of the proverb, which has been opposed by other jurists. Citing the rule of negation of hardship, such contracts have been invalidated when it leads to hardship in excess of the proverbial price. This view, which is a kind of contract modification, while responding to other criticisms of similar theories, can well secure the rights of the distressed person.

Existence of Mehran international border and pilgrim traffic from this border along with border trade is one of the most important capabilities that can be the key to economic development of the province both in terms of religious tourist traffic and in terms of transit of goods and creating a free trade zone in its economic growth. And create high job opportunities play a significant role. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting economic, social and cultural development in the western provinces of the country (Case study: Mehran border). The present research is applied based on the purpose and from the point of view of how to collect information, it is a qualitative research. To identify the effective factors in the role of border markets in economic, social, cultural development in the western provinces of the country to 15 in-university experts and experts of the Ministry based on factors such as professional experience in the role of border markets in development Economic, social, cultural in the western provinces of the country, the history of conducting scientific research in this field and such cases have been referred. In the present study, semi-structured interviews were used to investigate the role of border markets in economic, social and cultural development in the western provinces of the country. In this research, Delphi technique has been used to analyze the data. The results showed that 44 indicators in the form of 7 economic, social, cultural, health, communication, educational, organizational and institutional

The purpose of this article is to examine the principles and formal rules governing the prosecutor's judicial obligations from the perspective of human rights and international instruments. The method of collecting information is in the form of a library and in the form of taking notes. Data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The principle of impartiality of the prosecution from the perspective of human rights and international documents means non-partisanship and prejudice against one of the parties to the dispute. Impartiality requires that the prosecutor not be prejudiced against the case under consideration and does not allow himself to be influenced by factors outside the case, such as public sentiment, media propaganda, and internal tendencies such as emotional inclinations, family affiliations, ethnicity. , Racial, ideological; Rather, it must base its judgment on objective arguments based on what has been presented in the proceedings. From a human rights perspective, the right of access to a case is one of the basic principles for defendants. The prosecutor's duty in this principle is to handle cases. That the defendants were not allowed access to the file. The courts and ruling judges should be required by law and, as necessary, to enforce laws in order for defendants to have access to their cases.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility model with a combined approach. In the qualitative section, 20 experts and policy makers in the automotive industry in the field of corporate social responsibility participated in semi-structured interviews. After the interviews, the concepts were extracted from the interviews by Maxqda software and the relevant codes were extracted and the main and sub-themes were achieved by establishing a relationship between the extracted codes in the open coding stage and removing duplicate indicators and merging similar indicators. Based on the research results, the components of social responsibility, economic responsibility, environmental responsibility, ethical responsibility, humanitarian responsibility, legal responsibility, brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality and brand association were selected as the central phenomena. The results also show that corporate social responsibility improves internal processes by creating managerial commitment and empowering employees. Improving organizational processes will also improve social and environmental considerations, responsible actions, and consumer support behaviors for the brand. These factors lead to sustainable growth and development of the company and ultimately lead to improved brand equity.

In Shia political thought, which is derived from the theological foundations of this religion, government is the sole right of God, and he is the one who chooses a righteous person to lead the people and in the age of occultation; Shia political program belongs to the teaching and guidance of imams to the general and comprehensive Nawab of Imam Masoom. Therefore, the governments that are not installed and authorized by the Imams of the Infallibles, peace be upon them, lack the necessary legitimacy to rule, and their rule is usurping and arbitrary. However, since the existence of the government is necessary for the society and in the event that it is not possible to form a government by the jurist of the Islamic community, sometimes to protect the interests of the Islamic society and based on documentation from the verses of the Qur'an, traditions, rational and narrative evidence, and the rules of necessity, expediency and piety. , and... it is necessary for scholars to interact and cooperate with the government in some cases. On the other hand, the elders, citing the evidence of the sanctity of helping the oppressors, considered any cooperation with the tyrannical government as forbidden. The present article seeks to examine the most important reasons and bases of the decree of cooperation with the rulers and to explain the opinions and viewpoints of both sides for and against the issue of the cooperation of Imamiyya jurists in the era of the absence of Imam Zaman (A.S.).

In addition to the impact on history in Islamic society and its impact on the relations between countries, but also along with these developments, the market is based on Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic ethics. The jurisprudential rules governing the labor market are explained, partial relations are determined in the light of it, and the general differences between the labor market in Islamic economics and non-Islamic economics are revealed. In addition to conventional jurisprudential rules, new rules such as the rule of extravagance, the rule of non-monopoly, the rule of cooperation, the rule of freedom and non-reluctance, and the rule of the Islamic State can be introduced. From the birth of Islam, ie from the time of the Holy Prophet of Islam, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), special attention has been paid to Islamic jurisprudence in the market and ordering and emphasizing the outcome of this jurisprudence in trade in the market. Types of options in buying and selling, especially fraudulent cucumbers, parliamentary cucumbers, and types of cucumbers ... and emphasis on not hoarding products needed by society and punishment for hoarders and market disruptors were considered. Islam and the practice and observance of Islamic jurisprudence in the market Weber emphasized on this principle

The importance and necessity of the existence of a guarantee in the law of the stock exchange in contrast to other laws is because on the one hand the implementation of its laws is directly related to the rights and property of investors and on the other hand the buyer and seller give each other And they do not trade and in most cases do not know each other, and this in itself can increase the risk of non-compliance. The position of the capital market in playing its role effectively and, consequently, the prosperity and prosperity of the economy depends on the efficiency of this market and the existence of a guarantee of strong performances in this field.The guarantee of the execution of transactions in the stock exchange, as an effective factor to ensure the implementation of existing laws, causes people who trade their assets in the capital market to trade with confidence in a safe environment and this issue in attracting Domestic and foreign investors are effective

Various chemical compounds are used in industry. Many industries maintain the results of chemical compounds. In this case, maintaining and using existing chemical data poses a challenge. If the amount of this chemical data increases, a model for data clustering is needed to be able to separate the data of different compounds. Clustering Finds data with similar properties in separate clusters without having prior knowledge of the available data. In the chemical industry, it is not possible to label all chemical composition data because they may occur or change at any time. In this case, clustering should be used, which divides the chemical data into a number of subsets. From a data mining point of view, chemical data detection is one of the issues of data marginalization. By introducing appropriate algorithms in this field and then trying to increase the efficiency and accuracy of chemical information, we can take steps to create highly reliable mechanized systems with the ability to detect complex patterns. Here, a series of data on the chemical composition of different industries are collected and clustering is performed with the help of a suitable hybrid model. The proposed method is a hybrid model of the nearest neighborhood using fuzzy clustering. In this model, the existing chemical data is subjected to a preprocessing operation to remove inappropriate and empty data from the system. The clustering operation is then performed with the nearest neighbor model.

Independent lawyers play an important role in defending human rights and fundamental freedoms at all times, so examining the independence of lawyers and its standards in different legal systems can be effective in achieving justice and human rights. This research has investigated the conflicts and legislative challenges, the principle of lawyer independence in the constitutions of Iran and the United Kingdom, with a descriptive-analytical approach and a comparative approach. The results of this study indicate that despite the obvious differences in the nature of the advocacy system in the legal systems of Iran and the United Kingdom, but these two legal systems have common views on the criteria of lawyer independence and the challenges it faces and their obvious differences in personality. He mentioned having a public and governmental bar association in the United Kingdom and having a private aspect in some areas (financial, managerial) in Iran. Also, the most important challenge and conflict that exists in the legislation regarding the independence of lawyers in Iran; The involvement of the judiciary is in the issuance of bylaws and laws that are contrary to the principle of the independence of the lawyer and will have international consequences.

Contract law plays a key role in coordinating and planning sports activities. This can be different in the legal systems of different countries. Usually, athletes and sports managers of the contracting party regulate their sports activities with contracts that sign rights and obligations for both players and stadiums. In Iran, which is mostly a combination of the Roman-German legal system, the issue of sports contracts has not yet found its privileged legal status, and in some cases, due to the flaws in those contracts, the country's sports federations have suffered damages. But in customary law, this issue is almost resolved, and the jurisprudence of this legal system reflects this issue well. Therefore, considering these cases, we have examined the role of contracts in sports with a comparative look at Iranian law and customary law. This article examines when and how contract law applies in a sports field and how these cases may need to be adjusted or amended from time to time. The results show that the nature of contracts in sports and its effects on sports in Iranian law is more derived from civil law and can be considered in the context of private contracts. But in the customary law system, especially in countries such as England and Australia, sports contracts are concluded according to labor laws and regulations.

This study was designed to investigate the role of the Ministry of Industry and affiliated organizations in responding to the needs of the imposed war and to address the challenges in managing the war economy. The research is a descriptive-analytical study that uses the conceptual framework of the sociology of war and the relationship between industry and war to the historical period of the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988). The statistical population was industry managers and high-ranking officials involved in the war who were selected by purposive sampling method and interviewed with a narrative approach to theoretical saturation. The data obtained from sixteen interviews were coded and analyzed by thematic analysis method. As a result, the government plays a significant role in the economy by quotas and government management in reconstruction, mobilizing financial and human resources to meet the needs of the fronts, changing the use of existing industries, self-sufficiency in producing some war supplies, rebuilding war-damaged industries and jihadi management Were identified as part of the sub-themes. The extent of government tenure and the problems of public administration on the one hand and the dispute over the allocation of resources to the war and the expectation of the continuation of the war on the other hand were identified as the main challenges of industrial management during the war.

In contract law, the condition is referred to as the institution that derives its main effect from the contract in such a way that the effect of the contract and the condition are reflected in each other. When concluding a contract, the parties to the contract pay attention to some of its principles and try to impose certain conditions and rules while concluding the contract. Or refuses to do so at all and changes his contract when he violates this relationship and commitment. In this regard, different views have been expressed that some believe that the contract is terminated and there is no need to force the obligee and some believe that in the first stage the obligee should be forced, so in this study we try to place the negative verb in Iranian and Egyptian law. Let's discuss the reason for examining the rights of Egypt because this country is very similar to Iran in terms of jurisprudence and law.

For numerous reasons such as cultural issues, lack of full time and place coverage of notaries in all parts of the country, uncertainty of the scope and activity of real estate agents and the adoption of cumbersome regulations and the difficulty of preparing notaries and dozens of small reasons and On the other hand, the full legislative purpose of enacting materials related to the compulsory registration of documents was not realized, and in practice, the society system in the form of preparing ordinary ordinary documents, under the title of charter and then affidavit in real estate transactions and then conducting numerous inquiries and preparing official documents in cases Limited, continued. In order to enhance the validity of official documents, measures have been taken, including the establishment of an instant registration system since 1392 and the development of the cadastre plan and the initial approval of the plan to enhance the validity of official documents. The existing rules and regulations do not fully include the rules related to the method of preparing electronic documents and the responsibilities arising from it, for which purpose, the necessity of drafting a special law is felt in this case.

AbstractThis study was written with the aim of qualitatively studying the factors and obstacles of non-implementation of policies based on naming years by the Supreme LeaderThis study was written with the aim of qualitatively studying the factors and obstacles of non-implementation of policies based on naming years by the Supreme Leader. This research was conducted by qualitative method and through grounded theory and the samples were theoretically saturated through theoretical sampling and by interviews from 39 and the interviews were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. Based on the results of coding interviews, components 1- Theoretical and strategic factors and obstacles 2- Economic factors and obstacles 3- Factors arising from political culture 4- Social and cultural factors as factors and obstacles of non-implementation of policies based on years of nomination by the Supreme Leader Leadership was identified. And according to the content of the interviews, "poor governance" was chosen as the core.

With the approval of the Law on Registration of Deeds and Property of the country, the main goal is to register all properties in the property registration office and issue ownership certificates for properties so that while preserving the sovereign rights of the government, the ownership of individuals is stabilized and its transfer is subject to a specific system. And to avoid numerous lawsuits in this regard. In addition, the registration authority and the official ownership of the persons of the registration office. Failure to fully implement the provisions of the Property and Deeds Registration Act in practice and the adoption of other interim laws that were not effective, as well as the legislator's approach in Article 62 of the Law on Permanent Provisions of the Development Plan, caused many disputes between individuals over immovable property Inevitably, it has made the entry of judicial authorities necessary to resolve disputes and issue verdicts. However, the claim for proof of ownership of immovable property is not always a civil lawsuit based on interfaith intercession and in full accordance with the description, and has been brought before the judiciary for other reasons and purposes. The study of these causes and objectives by researching the judicial procedure and the effects of the rulings issued in this regard is the subject of this article.

Punjab has been considered as one of the influential cities in intellectual, cultural exchanges and administrative organizations in Ghaznavid Iran. After the arrival of Islam in Punjab, this city was gradually able to show its influence in Iran in the intellectual and cultural dimension. During the Ghaznavid period, an important part of the administrative organization was influenced by Punjab. The Turkish slaves, as the founders of the Delhi monarchy, who themselves flourished in the court of the Ghaznavid and Ghori kings, were well acquainted with the Iranian administrative and organizational system before the declaration of independence in Delhi. In addition, many Iranian bureaucrats migrated to Delhi from Iran and Transoxiana during this period and engaged in administrative and judicial work. Thus, the administrative structure during the reign of the Delhi sultans was strongly influenced by Iranian and Islamic traditions, which were mixed with local and indigenous Indian traditions. This article examines the effects of the Iranian bureaucracy on the administrative organization of the sultans of Delhi. The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

Today, due to the progress and expansion of international trade, the resulting disputes have also found their complexity. Arbitration, on the other hand, was created to meet the needs of businessmen and governments. In the meantime, determining the governing law is of great importance and is itself an independent science and practice in the process of resolving disputes in arbitration. The principle of the rule of will, in the case of the law governing the nature of litigation, has been accepted in international commercial arbitrations, and on this basis, the parties can agree on the rule of law, and if it is not reached. Such an agreement, the arbitrators, at their own discretion, undertakes this important matter. The discussion of the law governing arbitration stems from the international nature of these arbitrations, and when a foreign element enters the arbitration, several laws may apply to the arbitration, and each country has its own rules. Private or conflict of law has its own rules. These conflict resolution rules are the national law of the court that determines the governing law. The prevailing law is not limited to the substantive law, for resolving the principle of litigation, but according to the type of any dispute, the governing law is chosen, and today, due to the tendency towards denationalization of arbitrations in substance , Much attention is paid to transnational commercial law. One of the issues that faces many doubts in arbitration is the appointment of a competent authority,

Undoubtedly, the purpose of concluding any contract is to implement its provisions and commit to the effects resulting from that contract. In order for the contract not to encounter any obstacles in its implementation, its contents should be clear and the parties should not have any disputes about the terms of validity and terms of the contract and how to implement it, and after the agreement of the parties and the conclusion of the contract, the most important issue In the opinion of the parties to the contract, timely performance of the contractual obligations is necessary, because the violation of the contract is not in the interest of the parties. In the discussion of the implementation of the movable sale contract, it is important to examine its conditions, such as: demand and acceptance, the competence of the parties to the transaction and the conditions of sale, the principle of sovereignty of will, etc. This article aims to have a comparative view between the two systems of Iran and England in the structure of the sale contract with a descriptive-analytical approach, while briefly examining the characteristics and conditions of sale to explain and the principles of the rule of will. The results of the research showed that the interpretation of the contract paves the way for the correct implementation of the correct contract by clarifying the terms and expressions and the intention of the parties according to the logic (principle of sovereignty of the will).

In the legal and penal systems, significant predictions have been made in case of multiplicity of crimes, and according to the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment, it is proper that every crime should be punished according to the prediction of the legislator. But sometimes, due to the important differences that exist in the longitudinal and transverse series of crimes and considering that the number of repetitions, the issue of their time and the assignment of punishment to different levels of the crime are calculated in the law, research in this regard becomes necessary. With a descriptive-analytical approach, he discussed the guarantees of maintaining the proportionality of the punishment in the case of multiple crimes and the interference of the punishment in Iranian law. As it can be analyzed and understood from the legal documents, the first step towards understanding this issue is to look for guarantees to maintain proportionality in the multiplicity of bodies. The approach to maintain proportionality invites us to redefine the relevant concepts. Based on this, multiplicity of crimes is the state of committing more than one crime without the defendant or perpetrator being tried in any court. In Iran, this multiplicity plays a fundamental role in determining the amount of punishment and is related to its frequency and time, but all these issues are subject to maintaining the proportionality of punishment and crime. However, based on the results of this research, sometimes,

This article examines the place of good governance in the functioning of the legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of the article is how to evaluate the performance of the legislature from the perspective of good governance indicators? Therefore, the hypothesis of the article is that the formation of the legislature based on indicators such as accountability, transparency and consensus-building is relatively within the framework of the theory of good governance, but precise legal mechanisms for the establishment of transparency or accountability have not been considered. Placed. The results of the research show that although according to the constitution, legislation is only possible through two ways, the Islamic Council and the referendum, the creation of extra-legal institutions is against the principle of the rule of law and will cause the gradual collapse of the legal structure of the Islamic Republic of Democracy. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected in a library-style way and through a questionnaire.

AbstractIn Iranian law, the role of Awad in the binding aspects of contracts is not very clear. However, from the inductive study of certain contracts, it is concluded that in most cases, there is a logical relationship between non-compensation and the permissibility of a contract and compensability and the necessity of that contract, which implies a kind of harmony between Iran's legal system and Awad theory. What our goal is to investigate such an issue is actually the discussion about the role of the appraiser and the appraiser in the necessity of licensing contracts. In other words, we will look for an answer to this question whether the necessity and validity of the contracts will depend on the change of the contract or not?Therefore, if the Awad theory is accepted in Iranian law, it can be effective as one of the supplementary rules in interpreting private contracts and determining the obligations of the parties.

Morality can be the judge of jurisprudence, the importance of this matter is so great that it is possible to change some jurisprudence in different aspects; For example, regarding marriage, there is a fatwa from jurists that if an adult man marries a minor girl with the permission of the baby's guardian, all marital issues and rules; One of those cases is the enjoyment of one's wife. It should be observed that this ruling was proposed by the jurists and they ruled that this marriage is permissible. But this ruling is not compatible with the important moral issue and considers this action as one of the ugly actions, from this moral ruling, the legality of this ruling that the jurists have proposed can be stopped and changed. Another example is that determining the gender of a child is achieved naturally without human intervention, but due to the advancement of medical science, it is possible to determine the gender according to the wishes of individuals, and this issue has been subject to the fatwa of the jurists, who have ruled that it is permissible. But it must be said that this issue is against the moral ruling because if it is assumed that someone or people in a society say that we only want a boy or vice versa; or all people have this demand, this problem causes disruption in the system of creation,

Since Tehran was chosen as the capital by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, after the walls were pulled down and the neighborhood was formed, bazaars with many names were created to meet the daily needs of the people. The purpose of this research is to investigate the structure of bazaars, their function and the interactions between the residents of the neighborhood and the sellers. It should be noted that some of them have disappeared and some of them have lost their use, but some of the bazaars, including Nawab and Naib al-Sultaneh, which are still standing, are considered the study community of this research. . In order to investigate the functioning of bazaars, this research has used in-depth ethnographic methods such as observation, questionnaire, audio recording and camera, and library information and interviews with the veterans of bazaars. The results of the research showed that the economic function, social function, cultural and political function and the interaction between the people of the neighborhood and the business, the presence of similar shops in each bazaar and their components can be mentioned among the common indicators among bazaars.

The effective management of tourist destinations such as Isfahan, which hosts millions of tourists every year and enjoys the existence of huge sales complexes and local markets, requires the identification of needs, desires and a more comprehensive understanding of the shopping behavior of tourists with different ethnicities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a model in order to explain the shopping behavior of Isfahan tourists using the qualitative research method and systematic foundational data theory. According to the practical objectives of the research, the statistical community includes managers and officials of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Isfahan province, academic experts who have at least 5 years of useful work experience and continuous activity in this sector. In addition, to ensure the comprehensiveness of the collected information, several interviews were also conducted with Isfahani tourists. The selection of samples was done using the purposeful sampling method and the semi-structured interviews with seven general questions were continued until theoretical saturation was achieved in the fourteenth interview. Data analysis in three stages of open, central and selective coding resulted in the extraction of 59 concepts, 16 sub-categories and finally 8 main categories from the integration and classification of concepts. Based on the proposed model, tourist shopping behavior as a central category; The tourist's utilitarian value from buying and mixing the product/market as a causal condition;

Considering that the occurrence of any crime is caused by several factors, and juvenile delinquency is not an exception to this rule, there are risk factors in the development process of children, including individual and social factors, which, if there is no intervention in eliminating or improving these factors, the possibility of committing a crime It increases children's side. Organizations have a function as a system, and if the function of the organization is positive and moves in the same direction and in harmony with the society's goals, this organization will act as a suitable tool influencing the people of the society and especially as a support factor in eliminating risk factors or Its improvement plays a role. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the role of the welfare organization in growth-oriented prevention. Because developmental prevention is an intervention in the development process of children at risk of delinquency with the aim of preventing their tendency to commit crimes in order to eliminate or improve risk factors and create supportive factors. Considering the laws and regulations related to the mentioned organization, we find that the welfare organization is at risk of tasks and duties towards children. Also, observing the programs and evaluating the findings indicates the compliance of these programs with the tasks of the aforementioned organization. In addition, the type and level of intervention of this organization is different for children at risk. In the current research, the programs and measures of the General Welfare Department,

The growth and development of Iran after the Islamic Revolution in the field of culture in national and transnational dimensions has been one of the main concerns of officials and citizens. Pathology of cultural development programs is a way to improve planning and achieve goals in this field. The purpose of investigating the pathology of cultural development policy in the fifth development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the main question is, what obstacles and problems did the pathology of cultural development policy face in the fifth plan? The research approach includes the steps of policy making by descriptive-analytical method and collecting information in library form. The findings indicate that cultural development is a continuous and permanent process that never stops. Extensive social, economic, technological, etc. changes are always going on and it is necessary to change the elements of a common culture along with them. Any objectivist perception of the components of a common culture will close the way for the democratic development of culture. All symbols of a shared culture must be re-criticized. Rethinking should be done during public education, along with cultural creativity, during the interaction of actors and with their participation in order to modify the symbols of the common cultural core.

One of the most important tasks of the media is to obtain information and news, and based on the principle of freedom to obtain information and news, the media can obtain and inform this information and news in any way and by any method; But the important point in this context is the legitimacy and legality of this principle and its validity. For this reason, the main topic of this article is jurisprudential and legal foundations of media responsibility in relation to the principle of freedom of information and news. In this research, with the descriptive-analytical method and the content analysis approach of jurisprudence and legal (legal) sources and based on the method of library collection (both written and digital), we went to jurisprudence and law and examined this issue. Based on the data analysis, the principle of freedom to obtain information and news in jurisprudence has Quranic, narrative, and rational foundations, and principles for this issue have been established in the laws of fundamental rights and citizenship rights; But there are exceptions in this regard, according to which, acquiring and informing about some matters is unlawful and unlawful; Among them, we can mention the privacy of people (common people and famous people) and the need to pay attention to the protection of classified documents and information.

The approach of Iranian criminal law regarding the psychological element and realization of malice in bound crimes is such that whenever a person commits a behavior with knowledge of the realization of the result, he is also considered the messenger of the result. This matter, which has more history in Imamiyyah jurisprudence in intentional crimes and in common law, is indirect intent and is included in Article 144 of the Criminal Code as a general rule in intentional crimes that if a person has direct intent, the result If he doesn't have it, but he has knowledge of its occurrence, his crime is intentional. This matter is crystallized in Article 290 of the Islamic Criminal Code, which states the various forms of intentional crime. The perpetrator's knowledge of the criminal result in the realization of specific malice in two ways: the knowledge of the occurrence of the result and the knowledge of the ability of the act to create the result in Iran's criminal law is possible. Therefore, on this basis, in the present research, the feasibility of realizing malice with the psychological state of science in Iranian law has been discussed.

The purpose of this research is to identify social factors affecting inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. According to the existing objectives, the current research is of the type of applied research and the type of research is based on the qualitative-quantitative paradigm used to collect information and survey data. The statistical population in the first stage of the research is experts, and the sample size of the research in this section is after 20 people. In the second part of the research, the statistical population is all the citizens who have played a greater role in the exchange and purchase of goods in the society (such as market traders, household heads, etc.). The sample size in this section was estimated to be 396 people based on Cochran's formula. The research tool is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. After conducting exploratory factor analysis, the number of research questions was reduced to 54 questions. The sampling method in this dissertation is the multi-stage cluster sampling method. In the exploratory findings of research 3, the effects of inflation and currency price fluctuations were identified. And the confirmatory factor analysis results show that the effect of 3 variables; Institutional trust, psychological security and social capital are significant on citizens' inflationary actions. Therefore, these 3 research hypotheses are accepted. According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that social factors also have a significant impact on inflation and exchange rate fluctuations, which unfortunately are neglected in research and government planning.

Today, the advancement of technology and the spread of mass media have brought about many changes in various cultural, political and social fields. Information has made traditional identities and traditional identity constructions face major difficulties and challenges. One of these highways, which is enjoying great success in today's society, is social networks. On the one hand, these networks are resources. Identity has significantly increased the possibilities of identity creation and the freedom of action of an individual in the field of accepting another's identity, and on the other hand, the emergence of cyber space and the possibilities that information technology has brought along, has led to hopes, dreams and nightmares. . But despite this, the use of virtual social networks is becoming more popular day by day. Social networks consist of people or organizations that are tied together by one or more types of special interest, based on dependencies such as friendship, kinship, common interests, financial exchange, special interest in a subject, common beliefs, knowledge and art. .

Immigration phenomenon is one of the important social issues for which sociologists and social issues scholars are trying to find the variables influencing the same. As one of the major topics in humanistic and social sciences, immigration is a phenomenon occurs both in developed and developing countries and the difference is in the relevant bases of this phenomenon emergence. The purpose of this research includes studying Immigration Phenomenon according to Students of Two Governmental Universities (Sharif University of Technology & Iran University of Science & Technology). This research is practical and descriptive-correlative in terms of purpose, and data collection method, respectively. Statistical population of this research includes all students of Sharif University of Technology & Iran University of Science & Technology, out of whom 379 persons were selected as statistical sample size using Cochran Formula. Simple random sampling was used to select samples. Two descriptive (central tendency and variance) and inferential (correlation and regression) measures were applied for data analysis using SPSS software. The findings results indicate that there is a positive and meaningful relation between lifestyle (r=0.85), social class (r=0.70), hope to the future (r=0.65), educational system (r=0.70), having relatives abroad and encouragement to leave (r=0.60) and students attitude concerning immigration phenomenon.

Since the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 in Iran, the Islamic Republic has always been in tension and indirect conflict, especially in the Middle East region, with the countries of the Western bloc. But one of the most important issues in the political structure of the Islamic Republic, and its importance has increased now, is Syria and the crisis in this land. This crisis, which was considered the most complex political and security challenge in the region at the time of its occurrence, caused a series of countries to face each other indirectly. Syria is a country that since the victory of the Islamic Revolution has had a deep supporting and influential role in the implementation of the Islamic Republic's thoughts at the international level. Due to its geography, this land determines many equations in the Middle East.In this regard, the existing research seeks to answer the question that the Islamic Republic has drawn its foreign policy strategy in relation to the crisis of the Syrian Arab Republic by referring to what characteristics? In the hypothesis stated for this question, we will come to the fact that considering the salience and importance of the Syrian land, the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic is focused on maintaining the status quo.

According to historians and writers, there are many internal factors underlying the constitutional movement, one of which was the political associations that in the years before the constitutional movement, made a tireless effort to fight the tyranny and corruption of the Qajar government and finally They led to the victory of the constitutional movement and the formation of political parties in Qajar Iran. These associations, which played a role in the internal intellectual fields of the constitutional movement, can be called the official initiators of civil partnerships in Qajar Iran, which according to their statutes were divided into political, provincial, trade union, religious, literary and regional associations. One of the major political organizations that called for reforms in the structure of the pyramid of power and government in Qajar Iran and was formed during this period was the Tabriz Association. In this research, the author tries to address the role of the Tabriz Association in the constitutional movement. The research method in this research is historical, descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information is library and review of documents and in the study of libraries of first-hand sources that are written about the role of Tabriz Association in the constitutional movement are a priority and are the main sources of research.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social identity and its sub-variables with social adaptation. It is an applied study in terms of its purpose, a comprehensive study in terms of scope, a micro-scope and a cross-sectional study in terms of time. The research method in this study is a survey method, and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the current research is all the people over 18 years of age in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, whose number is about 500 thousand according to the census of 2015, and 384 people were selected as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. . Based on various theories such as Durkheim, Parsons, Robert Park, Habermas, Schwartz and McKissack, this research seeks to investigate the relationship between examining the relationship between social identity in different dimensions with social adjustment. The research results indicate that between social identity (0.31) and its dimensions, namely national identity (0.30), historical identity (0.35), cultural identity (0.28), political identity (0.33). And religious identity (0.38) is related to the social adaptation of the citizens of Kohgiluyeh province and Boyer Ahmad.

An important part of human life in today's world depends on their jobs and professions. People spend many hours in their workplace, and for this reason, the security of this environment is very important. Organizations and offices are always looking for this. to increase job security in order to increase productivity. This security is sometimes possible by increasing salaries and benefits and sometimes through the implementation of strategic plans. Today's world is a world of changes, complications and unpredictable environmental turbulence, and the increasing speed of the third millennium and drastic changes Economic, social, cultural and political requires strategic thinking. Today, the lack of strategic thinking is considered one of the basic deficiencies in organizations that weakens the possibility of identifying new opportunities In strategic thinking, it is important to see something that others do not see, discovering a hidden need means discovering an opportunity. It is new and this concept is the basis of innovation in business (Mohammadian, 2018) so it is very important that the people of an organization or office have a kind of decision-making and thinking that can achieve several major goals based on it. including: reaching maximum efficiency, maintaining the position of the organization and subsequently maintaining the position of employees among competitors and expanding flexibility in the face of changesNow, by presenting a model, it has been tried to challenge the issue of strategic thinking in the organization of Iran National Gas Company, and this point has been evaluated to what extent strat

The simplicity of governments and decisions based on the center is an issue that has been expressed in the principles of governance for years, and all governments try to create the most productivity for their society with the least available resources. do Therefore, it is desirable to consider a suitable mechanism with the society to maintain the integrity of the government, and also pursue productivity and dynamism. The research method in this research is in the form of descriptive library studies. In this research, based on pre-reviewed data as well as the use and benefit of the experiences of other countries in this field and the examination of the capacities of the Islamic Republic of Iran system in terms of implementing this method, it was determined that the administrative decentralization system model can be used. in order to achieve economic dynamism. According to the hypothesis of this research, it can be concluded that economic dynamism and development can be achieved by correct and step-by-step implementation of decentralization of the country's financial system. .

Always, when the family is discussed, what is meant at the beginning is evoked. Therefore, the entry of any field into this beginning will be with obsession and caution. In the field of law and rights, especially criminal law, this category is not only thought of with a deeper precision, which should be twice as cautious. Conceptualization of legislative criminal policy is implicitly based on its understanding. But what should be its characteristics in the feedback with the family is a wide-ranging and challenging issue. whether behaviorism in the field of family should go towards criminalization or not; In case of criminalization of this area, what indicators should be defined for it in order to get the best result from it, all of them can be considered as the necessities of criminal legislation in this area. This is despite the fact that entering too much into the privacy of the family can create a conflict of interests with family interests (not from the perspective of Sharia, which in the opinion of Sharia considers it necessary to attack and dominate in some cases). A challenge that causes another challenge in the form of not repairing the failure of the image of the family and family members in front of each other. This research, with an analytical-descriptive method, tries to pay attention to the necessity of the attitude of legislation (both customary and jurisprudential) in the field of family by facing the impulse notes of the created challenges.

Incomplete or incomplete crimes are crimes in which the perpetrator, with criminal intent, uses all his efforts to commit a crime, but due to reasons beyond his will, the intended crime does not materialize. These crimes are dangerous and threaten public order. It has forced different rights to interfere and criminalize. Incomplete crimes are one of the most important manifestations of criminalization, examples of which in Iran include initiation of crime, sterile crime, and impossible crime, and in England, in addition to the mentioned cases, incitement and collusion are also examples, in this regard, lack of Relatively specific criteria that determine the limits and loopholes of incomplete crimes that have made it difficult to identify and separate the aforementioned crimes, the necessity and importance of addressing this issue is because it helps the flow of justice on the one hand and the standards of fair proceedings on the other hand. thus, the current research with descriptive-analytical method tries to answer the question, what views are there regarding the nature of incomplete crime?