فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

Religions and religious schools have always been one of the main and fundamental factors in the creation and development of civilizations or their destruction. With the establishment of a religious government in Iran; based on the values of the Islamic Revolution, more attention was paid for science and technology. Iran is now praised for its continued growth in scientific publications during the last two decades. The leadership of the country has not ignored any opportunity to advise the scientific society and the politicians towards gaining knowledge and conquering scientific achievements. One of the scientific fields that has been improving steadily in Iran is Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. However, from the beginning, several religious and scientific concerns have been raised abouth the development and use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as the output of these technologies. This research uses the library search, structured documentary reviews and content analysis using the model of enhancing religious capital in Iran, using a qualitative method grounded theory. The aim is to study the approach of Islam about the acquisition of science, its development and scientific endeavor as well as its position about confrontations with new and advanced technologies. Findings of this study shows that the critics of development and use of GMOs have not presented any credible scientific evidence and/or jurisprudential arguments supporting their claims about the negative effects or their contradiction with Islamic preaches and princiles. We therefore conclude that the religious approach in acceptance of new technologies will result in the enriched and strengthened religious capital in Iran.

The production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refers to crops, animals and microorganisms that emerged over the past three decades. GMOs triggered the opportunities to meaningfully increase the quantity and quality of production in agriculture, enhance nutritional quality, management of pests, weed and disease sustainability, reduce costs for food or drug production, improve public health as well as enhancing the quality of life. In following, systematic genetic dissection of modified organisms causes to dramatically expand the genomic knowledge and understanding. Based on the prevalence the transgenic organisms many countries or companies may need to execute GMO tests on diagnosing transgenic organisms and their products. The detection and labeling of transgenics crops aids researchers, farmers, suppliers, consumers, and GMO reference laboratories distinguish and track the genetic identity of GMOs at every stage of research, production, and transportation. The aim of the present review is to overview the antibody-based immunoassay methods for the detection of GMOs and their recombinant proteins.

Acquired immunity is reported only in vertebrates. However, nowadays, the available evidence shows that a kind of quasi-specific immunity and also an immune memory exists in crustaceans. This process is explained by several mechanisms, the most important of which are some humoral immune factors such as lectin and Dscam. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (Dscam) are kinds of pathogen-dependent molecules that are produced during exposure of some invertebrates to pathogens (antigens). Vaccine-like agents may be synthesized to act as activators and activate this immune mechanism in shrimp through antigens, and consequently, make a kind of immunogenicity. It is not as accurate as vertebrates’ immune system and the secretion of antibodies and can lead to relatively specific immunizations in crustaceans. Nevertheless, the corresponding immunization practically decreases the economic losses of the shrimp industry. Hence, we recommend the health management of the shrimp farms should not focus only on the production of specific pathogen-free larvae by relevant institutions or the implementation of biosecurity guidelines by farmers, but in order to prevent the infectious agents in shrimp farms, the novel solutions in this context should be developed.

The intestinal microbiome is known as the second human brain because it plays a key role in regulating the central nervous system. New findings show that there is a two-way communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system so that this communication network changes and transforms cognition, emotion, social behavior, mental disorders and even personality traits. The mechanisms underlying the effects of gut microbiome on these brain processes have not yet been fully discovered, and there are the many mediators in the connection between the microbes and the gut with the nervous system and the brain. The exact understanding of which. They lead to a better understanding of the microbiome-behavior bond. A thorough understanding of this mechanism is also essential for the use of potential microbial therapies such as fecal transplantation and psychobiotics. In this paper, we first explain the mechanisms of microbial effects on the brain and central nervous system. We will then have a brief overview of research methods. We then look at the role of the gut microbiome in stress, excitement, learning, memory, and social behavior.

Silicon (Si) is one of the useful elements for the growth of many plant species and increases the plantchr('39')s resistance to various types of abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite their many advantages, the application of silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) has been less explored in agriculture. These nanoparticles affect the metabolic activity of plants by entering plants. Also, due to the porous nature of silica nanoparticles, they are suitable nanocarriers for various molecules in agriculture. A large group of proteins and genes cause the transfer of silicon in the plant. Lsi1 (Lower silicon transprter 1) and Lsi2 (Lower silicon transprter 2) are two main types of Si transporter in the uptake and distribution of Si have been identified. Identification of these transporters has determined the path of silicon uptake from the root level and its transfer to the shoots. But the Si transporter involved in silicon uptake in the xylem have not yet been fully identified. Also, silicon transporters for silica cells, in which a very high amount of silicon accumulates are not known. Because the beneficial effects of silicon in the plant are related to the amount of silicon accumulation in the plant, it is important to study the mechanism of Si uptake and transport in plants. This paper investigates the uptake, transport, and accumulation of silicon in plants as well as the importance of silicon and nano silicon for agricultural products.

With progress in science, new technologies open a window to answer the questions. Besides biological, serological and molecular methods, Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is one of the methods that changed our understanding of plant viruses, especially in the areas of identification, genome and transcriptome sequencing, evolution, taxonomy and quarantine programs. Recent methods make it possible to detect and identify all known and unknown viruses in a plant without the need for prior knowledge of the pathogen by the identify of total viral content and transcriptome of plant samples in healthy and disease conditions whearse ther are problems such as storage and analysis and interpretation of a large amount of data produced. Increases in the speed of detection of new viruses, viroids and hosts can prevent entering new viruses and viroids from foreign countries. More accurate and faster identification of plant viruses and their full effects on different hosts is one of the most important steps in disease management. In this article, we will review the applications of NGS in the diagnosis and detection of viruses, identification of diseases of unknown etiology and the study of host-pathogen interactions.

Plant diseases caused by viruses are a serious threat to the worldchr('39')s agricultural production, and anti-virus engineering, initiated by molecular biotechnology, is an effective strategy for preventing and controlling plant-borne viruses. Recent advances in targeted DNA or RNA editing with a short palindromic replication system or CRISPR-related are attractive tools that can be used to protect plants. In this review, the development of CRISPR/Cas systems is surved and their programs in controlling various plant viruses by targeting viral sequences or susceptibility genes in the host are mentioned. In addition, it introduces some potentially recessive resistance genes that can be used to improve plants against viruses, and emphasizes the importance of recessive gene-based antiviral modification for producing plants free of virus and growth deficiency. In addition, the challenges and opportunities of using CRISPR/Cas techniques in the prevention and control of plant viruses are discussed.