Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Autumn 2013

Among the many technical and tactical aspects of the behavior of players, the goals are the most studied. The goal is the key to success for teams and its analysis in all matches of a major futsal tournament (World Cup) that allows multiple assessments. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the first goal for the final result in the futsal match, identifying the team that scored the first goal of the match and the final result obtained by this team: win, draw or lose. We analyzed all the matches (n=306), in all the 7 Futsal World Cups (1989 to 2012) organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association – FIFA. Data were obtained from the database on the site of the FIFA, through overviews of the official matches. Quantitative data were collected, in relation to the time that the goals were scored in the course of the matches. The results showed a significant effect (F = 133.12, p = 0.001) of first goals on final results of maches (win, draw, defeat) so that, there are significant deference between win matches with darw and defeat matches [both (p = 0.001)]. It is concluded that, the team that scored the first goal of the match presents a high probability of getting the winning.

Sport is an important tool to draw the national attention. Sport is a big assembly to make identity. Also, sport is a cause for identity and unity. The purpose of this study is to identify the cultural opportunity of sport in the province of Mazandaran in Iran. The research method was mixed. Sequential exploratory mixed method of the first method is qualitative and quantitative methods. The study included all the Mazandaran managers, coaches, experts, judges and athletes at the national level. The results show that directors, judges and experts believe that people's happiness and euphoria in winning the sports events is the most sport important cultural opportunity in Mazandaran (All kinds of sport were included). A lot of money is spent on TV programs and movies to fill the people's free time.

Talent identification and training the athletes of the basic levels in track and field requires codifying a proper model like any other system so that any duplication is prevented as well as knowing the right path. The federation of track and field started to codify the national talent-identification scheme in track and field in 1385. Hence, the present studies track-and-field talent-identification patterns in some designated countries and compare them with the codified pattern in Iran. The research method of the present survey is of review which studies track-and-field talent-identification patterns in countries like the Russia (Soviet :::union:::), the Germany (former East Germany), China, Australia, Romania, Italy, USA, England, Hungary, Canada, Japan, Qatar, Malaysia, and Iran. Studying track-and-field talent-identification pattern in Iran shows that lack of a new opportunity for trainees and unsustainability of the practical talent-identification scheme have been of its setbacks. Also, comparing the patterns shows that the most important principle of talent-identification scheme in designated countries are cooperation with the institutional sport, continuity of the talent-identification scheme, and supporting and training the elite athletes to help them reach the championship.

The goal of this study is searching effective time (before, during and after physical practice) for mental practice in learning the Volleyball Service Skill. Forty-five beginner students, aged 12–14 years, with no history of Volleyball Service Skill participated in the study (45 Male ones). Most of them were Secondary school students. All were unable to serve Volleyball correctly. The subjects were divided into the three groups (MP before PP, MP during PP and MP after PP). All subjects performed mental and physical practice in 21 sessions and for 30 minutes per session. The subjects were tested at the end of the 7th, 14th, 21th, and 28th sessions. The Volleyball Serving Test was used for test comparing the rate of learning. The result of this research showed there was significant difference between means of the MP-during-PP group, and the MP-before-PP and the MP-after-PP groups in improving their Volleyball Service skill. Moreover, the MP-before-PP and MP-after-PP groups did not differ from each other concerning the scores. The retention test showed that subjects in the MP-before-PP and the MP-after-PP groups, in contrast to the MP-during-PP group, did not significantly improve their Volleyball Service skill. This study suggested that coaches and P.E teachers apply mental practice (10 minutes) as an essential part in programs and teach the beginners that use mental practice in every time of physical practice (spatially during physical practice).

Age may limit the effect of contextual interference, but the accurate effect of age on contextual interference is not completely identified. Therefore, the purpose of the study was the effect of contextual interference practice orders on acquisition and learning of badminton skills of 45 female students aged from 10 to 12. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups of blocked, random, and systematically increasing contextual interference. They trained three skills of badminton long serves, short serves, and forehand strokes for 10 sessions after pre-test. The tests consist of Acquisition, immediate retention, and delayed retention were taken after the fifth session, one hour after the end of the tenth session, and 48 hours after the last practice session, respectively. According to the findings of the study, in acquisition test, the blocked group achieved better scores than the random and systematically increasing groups. Although the three groups performed significantly better than pre-test scores in retention test, there was no difference among groups, meaning that contextual interference did not have positive results for children in learning badminton skills. Seemingly, due to the limitations in strategy, our participants were probably confused among the abundant information from the random practices and were not able to use the advantages of contextual interference. So, the benefits of random practice based on forgetting and elaborating hypotheses in this age group, especially regarding discrete motor skill in badminton is in doubt. The authors carefully suggest that elementary school physical education teachers should use blocked practice methods for badminton practice to help children build a suitable motor skills scheme and encourage them to repeat the desired skills because of the motivational feedback of blocked practice as a result of greater success in practice sessions.

The present study examined the effects of progressive exercise (pyramidal) short-term program on plasma fibrinogen, lipid profile and blood viscosity in untrained young men. Changes and imbalances in homeostasis lead to cause of heart attacks. There is conflicting information about the effect of exercise on these factors. 19 young healthy untrained men were randomly assigned to the exercise group (n = 10) and controls (n = 9) groups. Exercise training group with increasing severity of heart maximum 25 to 100 percent began to run the practice (pyramid) in 42-minute sessions, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. There was no significant difference between the parameters of body composition, control, and training groups. Levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein density and viscosity of the blood significantly decreased in the training group compared with the control group (p value, respectively is 0.001, 0.001 and 0.035). The changes in the concentration of fibrinogen, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in both groups are not significant in both groups (p value, respectively is 0.645, 0.993 and 0.421). The present results show that it is possible that progressive training (pyramidal) short-term program changed the levels of cardiovascular risk factors by reducing blood viscosity.

Aerobic capacity bears importance in soccer. Although laboratory tests are of high credibility to measure the oxygen consumption among soccer players in laboratory conditions, field tests simulating the real need of soccer, without requiring complicated equipment, are necessary. The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between Hoff tests, Yoyo intermittent recovery test, and laboratory tests in determining the aerobic capacity of players of the national women’s soccer team. Twenty female soccer players have participated in this study. The players executed the laboratory test on treadmill and determining VO2max with the gas analyzer device, Hoff, and Yoyo intermittent recovery test of level two in three separate periods with at least a one-day interval. The aerobic capacity, heart rate, and lactate were measured at the end of every three tests. The lactate level of blood (ICC=0.61) and heart rate (ICC=0.66) had a significant correlation at the end of both laboratory and Hoff tests. The maximal consumed oxygen of Yoyo and laboratory tests didn’t have a significant relationship. As for heart rate and blood lactate, no significant relationship was found at the end of the two tests. Also, no significant correlation was found between the results of Hoff and Yoyo tests, and they can’t be used interchangeably. According to these results, it can be said that Hoff test is a valid test which easily evaluates VO2max, without requiring the equipment imposing a financial burden on the national team, and whose physiological pressure is similar to the laboratory test.