نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 45، زمستان 1398)

Sociology is a science that deals with human and its communication insociety. Culture is a production of social relations and literature is one ofthese cultural phenomena, and creator of literary work is illustrator of thesociety in his artwork. When we deal with the relationship betweensociety and literature, we come into the field of sociology of literature.Sociological criticism of literature is one of the relatively new disciplinesof literary criticism that has a long history. At the beginning of thenineteenth century, Ipoliten Tan and Madame Doustal published the firsttwo books on the sociology of literature. With the advent of Karl Marx,these studies have come to life again, with many theorists still influencedby his ideas. The purpose of this article is to examine the historical courseof the sociological critique of literature with emphasis on the sociology ofreading, developmental constructivism, the Frankfurt School, and PierreBourdieu's theory. The method in the article is studying works of thetheoreticians by library method, as well as analyzing their theories. Thereason for choosing these four methods in the sociology of literature isthe importance and influence that these methods have had on the analysisof literary and artistic works but remains ignored by scholars.

The most important and vital asset of any organization and industry ishuman resources. Since humans plays a key role in development, anddevelopment is done by human hands, human resources empowermenthas a particular importance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identifyfactors affecting the empowerment of workers in order to develop humanand social capital. In terms of purpose this is an applied research and interms of data collection, it can be analytical descriptive survey. Thestatistical population of the study includes industrial workers over 1000people in Markazi province. The sample was 400 people from thepopulation that were selected by stratified Sampling method and usingMorgan table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess thefactors affecting empowerment and standard questionnaires were used toassess empowerment, social capital and human capital. The validity ofthe questionnaire was assessed based on content and construct validityand its reliability through Cronbach's alpha. The data were analyzedusing LISREL software. After analyzing the data, all the assumptions inthe study were accepted.

This research aims to explain the relationship between the personalityof sport brands with risk avoidance and customer loyalty. This researchwas applied in terms of its purpose, descriptive correlation in terms ofdata gathering and was based on structural equation model. The statisticalpopulation included all valid sports brand clients (5 famous and high-endsports brands Adidas, Nike, Puma, Al Sport and Asics).With regard to theunlimited statistical population, 384 people were selected as the statisticalsample based on Morgan's table. The brand personality standardquestionnaire (Jones et al., 2009), Customer loyalty Anisimova (2007),and researcher-made risk avoidance questionnaire were used to collectdata. The formal validity and content of these questionnaires wereapproved by 10 sport management supervisors and reliability ofquestionnaire was 0.894, 0.85 and 0.957 respectively, using Cronbach'salpha coefficient. The validity of questionnaire structure was alsoconfirmed by factor analysis. Descriptive tests (mean and standarddeviation) and inferential tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearsoncorrelation, and multiple regression and structural equations) were usedfor analyzing data by SPSS and Amos software. According to the resultsof Pearson correlation test, there was a significant correlation between thepersonality of sport brands and risk aversion customers, and betweenpersonality of sport brands and customer loyalty. Also, there was asignificant positive correlation between personality components of sportsbrands (responsiveness, dynamism, sensitivity, courage, simplicity) withrisk aversion and customer loyalty. According to regression results,dynamic and audacity components have a significant effect on riskaversion. Responsibility and sensitivity components have a significanteffect on customer loyalty. The results of structural equation showed that,the personality of sport brands had a direct and positive effect on riskaversion (factor=359), attitude loyalty (factor=575) and customer loyaltybehavior (factor=548). Also, the model's indices confirmed the fitness ofresearch communication model.

Sex education is adopting methods for creating healthy sexualcharacteristics and behaviors and at the same time removing inappropriatesexual characteristics and behaviors from human existence. In otherwords, sex education offers a series of essential psychological, physical,and religious information regarding the sexual field related to anindividual, as well as providing information and awareness to theindividual in order to become more familiar with the characteristics of theopposite sex. The present study aimed to investigate sex education ofadolescents in Tehran and its underlying factors with emphasis oninterpersonal relationships with parents. To this end, qualitative researchmethod and interviewing technique were used for data collection. Thegrounded theory approach was employed to analyze the data. Theobtained data resulted in forming categories such as awareness ofreligious issues related to sex education, parents’ awareness of sexualissues and its physical and psychological effects, parents’ appropriatebehaviors in family, parents’ awareness of and dominance on somecommunication skills for better connections with children, sex educationin the form of school education, parents’ education and socialization,correct transfer of sexual norms and guidelines to children, existence ofan emotional connection in family, supervision of school activities forchildren and adolescents, and cooperation with parents in this field. Theseconcepts were categorized into three themes: family, educational orextramarital and social factors. Finally, based on the results, one of themain reasons for influencing sexual education in this study is theawareness among families and at the top among parents.

Socialization is a process of social interaction in which the individuallearns about the norms, values, and other social, cultural, and politicalelements within the group or environment around him, internalizing andunifying him with his personality. The purpose of this study was todetermine the social factors related to religious and political socializationof high school students in Pars Abad. The research method wasdescriptive survey and in terms of purpose, it is applied. The statisticalpopulation of the study was all the first and second high school studentsof Pars Abad in the academic year 1398-1989 with a total of 10446students. The sample size was 313 according to Cochran method.Statistical sample of schools was selected by proportional stratifiedsampling. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whoseface validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability of the tool wasestimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that,there is a significant relationship between social factors related toreligious and political socialization of high school male and femalestudents in Pars Abad.

In today's competitive world, one of the key to organizations' successlies in the timely and accurate assessment of the effectiveness of theirhuman capital. Modeling to promote effectiveness can be closelyintertwined with issues such as productivity improvement, quality ofwork life and employee satisfaction, promotion of value-creatingactivities, job knowledge and skills, and promotion of employee attitudesand behavior. In this research, the factors affecting the promotion ofhuman resources effectiveness in university have been studied andmodeled with a structural-interpretive system approach. This research isapplied in terms of the nature and manner of data collection, and appliedin terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all facultymembers of different units of Islamic Azad University located in EastAzerbaijan province. The data gathering tool was two types of researchermadequestionnaires. The first one was designed and identified based onthe five-point Likert scale to identify the factors affecting the promotionof human resources effectiveness in the university. The second type ofquestionnaire was developed based on the paired comparisons needed forthe Fuzzy Dimatel systematic approach. The validity of the questionnaireswas evaluated by content validity and reliability based on internalconsistency and test-retest approaches. After collecting the first type ofquestionnaire, the answers were entered into SPSS software and subjectedto one-sample t-test. The findings of the study identified in the first stagewere 5 main factors as effective factors in promoting the effectiveness ofhuman resources in the university from the viewpoint of the facultymembers in the study community. In the second step, the type IIquestionnaire was developed and distributed based on pairwisecomparison of the five effective factors. Findings related to the Dimatelsystematic approach showed that, providing targeted training andutilizing appropriate knowledge management strategies and practices aretwo factors with high effectiveness and receptivity in the system understudy. Also, utilizing appropriate knowledge management strategies andpractices was identified as having a higher impact on the perspective ofother system factors. In addition, two factors have been identified ashuman resource competency development and contextualization for theemergence of creativity and innovation

The present research aims to study the relationship between mediaeducation of saving water consumption and changes in the amount ofwater consumed by high-consumption subscribers in Saqqez city. Thestatistical population of the present study includes all high-consumptionsubscribers using water at home in Saqqez. The samples were selectedpurposefully in the first stage. They were then randomly divided into fourgroups. The groups were provided during the 45-days with brochures,and written programs, films, animation.The method of the present study is based upon a practical purpose andthe research design of the library methods, and for data collection thewater rate system database of Saqqez Urban Water and Company isapplied. The consumption changes on 2016 and 2017 were analyzed incomparison to consumption changes on 2015 and 2016. By usingdependent sample t–test, it was found out that, there is a significantrelationship between media education of saving water consumption andchanges in the amount of water consumed by high-consumptionsubscribers in Saqqez. Moreover, by using this Test, the mean differencewas studied for each of the groups, and it was discovered that the waterconsumption of the group receiving all of the programs reduced to alarger extent than other groups.

The purpose of this study was to study the perception of genderinequality in Maragheh women's lived experience. The research methodis a combination of survey and phenomenology. The research methodwas qualitative in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and inthe quantitative section by using a self-made questionnaire. In-depthinterviews were conducted in winter 1394 with 23 women above18 yearsold in Maragheh, and questionnaires were administered in autumn 1395.The statistical population of Maragheh women aged 18-79 years was61142 and the sample size was 420 women using Cochran formula.Theoretical sampling method was used for qualitative and two-stagecluster sampling method was used for quantitative method. Cronbach'salpha coefficient for all variables was higher than 0.7 in the quantitativepart. The results of the regression test show that, socio-cultural factorscan predict 32.2% of the variance of the dependent variable and thecorrelation between the values predicted by the equation is 0.567. Amongthe factors, the highest standard coefficient of influence was 0.314 forcultural capital and the lowest coefficient for social equality and bodymanagement was 0.004.