نشریه مطالعات مدیریت شهری
سال یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی -2، پاییز 1388)

Over one decade passes from the unsuccessful experience of planning model under the planning models of the sovereignty. Although, global experience shows the weakness and disability of this model, but still in much urban and regional management, due to the lack of local involved institutions, appropriate guidance and controlling tools on one hand and lack of determination to delegate the necessary power tools on the other hand, there are not any fundamental changes in this field. Major movements are only limited to the distribution of elements and activities of decentralization without having a strong local management role in the development. The feature which distinguishes today’s desirable or undesirable nature of process is the amount of loyalty to the participatory planning process. In this paper, with emphasis on the importance of this feature and the decentralization model, efforts have been made to address the role of participatory planning and realization of the process to reach a local in the context of local sustainable communities planning model.

Privatization is a pervasive and global phenomenon. In recent years, all governments started to transfer to private sector activities that had until then been made by government to reduce expenses. Depending on the interactions in the community, the speed of privatization depends on the governing general condition of the economy and how much the government allows people and private institutions to contribute. Although, in practice, considerations such as service quality, social justice and employment conditions, harms the flow of privatization, but most of the world's experiences show the promotion of urban economy and the creation of more efficiency and productivity of the government during privatization. Privatization of urban services, as a private sector participation in the urban management system, has also entered the urban planning of different countries since decades ago; and, different countries (developed or developing ones) have experienced some form of it. This paper will attempt to study the privatization of urban services (as a duty of local governments) while providing basic concepts of privatization and the opportunities and challenges that follow have been provided.

Natural and ecological conditions of Gilan has caused Iran to experience changes in economic and social developments; for, Gilan is sheltered by a fence of mountainous and its rainforests have not been damaged by central governments. Also, Gilan has always been rich in water resources and soil which has given rural life a high value and has managed rural markets and small local cities. Thus, the lack of political and economic integration in Gilan has caused delay in the establishment of large cities and the development of urban network to an extent that since the middle of the Safavi reign, the major cities of the province were formed after the completion and its integration to the central government. Since the start of the Qajar era and the presence and domination of the Russian Empire in the north of Iran, the urban system of Gilan was evolved through being its dependence on their economic relations. Since the beginning of the Pahlavi era which was simultaneous with the rise of city living phase in Iran, a new network of middle and small cities in different provinces of Gilan occurred as they cut off relations with Russia and strengthened its economy with Iran. However, until recently, rural population and rural life-style has been considered top social and economic life of Gilan. In fact, the favorable natural conditions of Gilan such as water resources and fertile soil, has developed a network of rural residential based on agriculture activities in Gilan plains.

Significant progress in different aspects of human life and the complexity of the relation between these aspects has brought numerous problems in planning and management. Urban administrators and planners are also experts who deal with a wide variety of information and require the use of information in place analysis to maintain and organizing the status of a city. Complexity, diversity and the high amounts of spatial information on one hand and computerized capabilities in the field of information on the other hand, explain the philosophy of the use of computer systems by urban. Since Geographic Information System (GIS) deals specifically with geographic and spatial data and analysis of this information, it is the proper means to locate schools to and establish them in urban area. Also, applying qualitative evaluation of the matrix, provide the appropriate criteria for urban managers to make appropriate decisions to locate schools using the geographic information system (GIS).

The daily increase of urban population in Tehran, along with the creation of new populated centers, the lack or weakness of policy-making and the evaluation of various urban functions and activities based on comprehensive and large-scale national plan, the change of consumption patterns and the continuity of waste discharge of the urban environment are the factors that create crisis which has caused after-crisis and has put to various risks many natural environments and the quality of health in humans; also, it has caused the discard of over 7000 tons of waste material. The discards are consisted of valuable metals, useable glass dishes, paper, recyclable plastic, pet, food waste and etc which are rich in nutrients. Among these useful waste materials, substances such as mercury in batteries, cadmium of fluorescent bulbs, toxic chemical cleaners also exist. Separating the bad waste materials from the good ones extremely helps in keeping the environment and human life healthy and helps the society to save more money. Today's urban management professionals have decided to find a way which helps people save more money and at the same time protect the environment and human health. This article states the importance and necessity of the waste separation plan and illustrates the problems caused by the unsuccessful implementation of the project and mentions the strategies which help the better implement of optimal plan coverage.

During the past two centuries, the world has rapidly become urban. The most important aspects and outcomes of this process is spatial development and physical extension of cities towards rural areas which is done through the joining of villages with cities and transferring rural centers into small towns. Although small cities start with a small population and range, but they rapidly take agricultural lands and rural areas. During the second half of the twentieth century, this process begun and quickly spread the number of cities, added to the urban population and many villages were converted to cities. During recent decade, the fast process of the conversion of villages into cities, resulted in the change of agricultural land use and the natural regional perspectives were degraded, although it was done with the aim of profiting rural from urban services, but in areas such as the Caspian plain; especially in cases where newly established cities are a combination of villages, the remaining population which is a range of low density, non-uniform and porous will be filled in the near future with constructions and urban instruments! To prevent this stressful process, the conversion program of centers into small rural cities can not be entirely taken for granted; but it should be considered in developing cities such as spatial and functional patterns suiting the development area. In the Caspian region, for example, tourism capabilities of rural areas could be activated, in addition to preserving agricultural lands and rural perspectives and taking use of the profits of urban services and facilities through the garden-city model.

Urban residing and increase of urban population is one of the main features of today's world which has peaked since the era of the industrial revolution in Europe and has increasingly emerged in developing countries for years after World War II. The increase of urban population compared to rural population was done through three ways of village-urban migrates, the incorporation of rural areas to cities and changing villages into new cities. Among the last two ways, the second one causes the loss of agricultural lands and rural areas of the ecosystem. From the beginning, developed countries prevented this process by regulating laws of urban management and programs of land compilation. However, the cities of developing countries swept rural areas rapidly and that caused regional imbalance and unbalanced distribution of population, resources and activities in the said countries. The policy of converting villages into small cities is one of the most important strategies of urban residing development that aims to develop rural areas through urban centers.

Because the phenomenon of urban residing has grown incredibly and the number of cars has increased in cities, we witness a day to day exponential growth of traffic in the big city of Tehran which has become the main problem of its urban managers. In this paper, the researcher has studied the causes of traffic in Tehran today and has offered solutions to reduce traffic in the world which includes methods of traffic restriction and the idea that permits cars with odd plates to be used on odd days and cars with even plates are allowed to be used on even days with the aim to reduce traffic in Tehran and the management of traffic. The researcher has then studied the current strategies of traffic reduction and its effects with the aim to provide new solutions for it and has also studied the role of IT in traffic control, the education of proper traffic behaviors and traffic regulations.