نشریه اقتصاد باثبات
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1400)

Iran’s economy is among the economies with low resilience and high vulnerability. Economic resilience refers to the ability to cope with various economic shocks and the extent of recovery after a crisis. Economic Resilience which means enduring the effects of shocks and recovering quickly from economic shocks and returning to pre-crisis functioning, can help make the economy more resilient. Because different markets are related to this sector in various ways, in the event of a crisis or external shock and instability in this sector other sectors are affected as well; making the need to pay more attention to the stability of the sector and, to a greater degree, its resilience apparent. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies affecting the resilience of Iran's government budget sector. For this purpose, a macro econometric model was designed for the Iran’s economic. The policy variables used are legal reserve rate, banking system debt to the central bank, government construction budget, government oil revenue, deposit interest rate and official exchange rate and identified appropriate policies to increase the resilience index of the government budget sector by applying different scenarios. As well as the implementation of the combined scenario for the government budget sector resilience index shows a 53.61% increase in the average. The results showed that in the event of a shock, it is possible to prevent a sharp decline in the resilience index of the government budget sector by using a combination of economic policies.

Income inequality is an important economic issue that many countries around the world face. In recent decades, due to the increasing trend of income inequality and its adverse effects on the economy of each country, this issue and the factors affecting it have been considered by researchers and economic policymakers. Given the importance of this issue, this article examines the impact of inflation on income inequality in 66 developing countries, including Iran during the period 1995-2018. Dynamic panel data model and generalized method of moments (GMM) have been used to investigate the issue. The results show that there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between total inflation and income inequality; That means, when inflation starts to rise from zero, income inequality decreases to the threshold of total inflation (the threshold of total inflation In this study, about 12/07 has been obtained.), And after reaching the inflation threshold with increasing inflation, income inequality also increases. Therefore, there is a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between total inflation and income inequality. Regarding the relationship between the components of inflation and income inequality, the results of the model show a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between projected inflation and income inequality, but unforeseen inflation has no significant relationship with income inequality. The results also show that increasing per capita GDP and urbanization improves income inequality and increasing them will improve the situation of income inequality, but increasing international trade freedom in the countries studied worsens the situation of income inequality. No significant relationship was found between unemployment and income inequality.

From any amount of energy input to each system is returned to the environment as waste. For this reason, for processes to be sustainable, it is important to focus on the mechanism that assigns the system input (s) to the output (s). This mechanism is economics, in the definition of sustainable development. What is the trend of changes in energy and environment efficiencies in Iran's economy industries? The answer to this question, as a question of present paper, is Necessary to conclusions that can guide policy recommendations. For this purpose, the energy consumption data from different types of carriers and pollutions (by types of pollution) along with the output value, will be used for 23 industries (two-digit ISIC codes) during the period 2009 to 2016 This information was used to calculate the Malmquist Productivity Index (MI).The results of the MI index show that the overall performance improvement has slowed down in recent years. Although there has been little improvement, it has been due to structural changes in the industry, not to an increase in their technical efficiency. However, the textile industry is a good example where overall performance improvements have occurred due to advances in technical efficiency. Also, from the six major industries, two major industries ("food" and "base metals") have seen almost no overall improvement of any kind. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers focus on improving the efficiency of two mentioned industries. It is also suggested that policymakers focus from technical improvements to structural changes.

The study of the relationship between economic growth and the gap between real GDP and unemployment has a special place in the economic literature. In this study to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth (with and without oil sector) and unemployment and growth of production gap (with and without oil sector) and unemployment for the Iranian economy in the period 1396: 1346-4: 1 from the wavelet approach Used continuously. The continuous wavelet approach by examining and analyzing the dynamics of causal relationships between variables at different times and scales is a powerful method for examining causal relationships between variables over time. The results of the first model showed that economic growth (with the oil sector) and unemployment were not in the same time phase and were only in the short term in the period 1375: 139: 3-1369: 3. The results of the second model showed that the growth of the production gap (with the oil sector) and unemployment were not in the same time phase and were only in the short period of 2012: 1-189-2011: 1. The results of the third model showed that economic growth (excluding the oil sector) and unemployment were not parallel in all time horizons. The results of the fourth model showed that the growth of the production gap (excluding the oil sector) and unemployment in the short run in different time periods have both phase and non-phase fluctuations and in the medium term the relationship between these two variables Were not observed and were not in the long run.

In the recent decades, global tendency towards the knowledge-based economy, has become human capital and effective labor to one of the major factors of economic growth and has led to increasing willingness of governments and individuals to invest in higher education. generally, considering education as an investment and development of educational systems on the one hand and increasing the share of education in gdp and the national budget on the other hand, has attracted the attention of economists and planners to evaluate the effectiveness of investment in education. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the private rate of return of educational institutions in iran using the generalized mincer model and by using the mincer income function, the effect of education at different levels on employee income was investigated using household-budget statistics in 2019. ordinary least squares regression model (OLS) has been used to estimate the desired pattern.the results showed that education in diploma, bachelor and postgraduate degrees has a positive effect on income from employment that the rate of this impact for each year of additional education is about 8/1 percent and the effect of work experience on people's income shows 4/1 percent. this, apart from other incentives to enter these sections, shows the economic justification of these sections from an individual point of view. also, with the inclusion of virtual variables of gender, job and marital status of individuals in the model according to the coefficients obtained in the regression model, the effect of these variables on the income of individuals has been a significant effect and these results were obtained: men earn more than women, people working in the public sector earn 32.3% more than other people in the private sector and finally married people earn 41.6% more than single people.

Income distribution is one of the most important issues in humans Inequality society that has been considered by economists since the time of Adam smith And with the advent of economics. One of the most important economics tasks is to control the inequality of income distribution. Governments can reduce the problem of income inequality by using theoretical and practical methods in society. Expenditures in the Iranian economy using the method of Autoregerssive Distributed Lag (ARDL) during the period 1987-2019. The research results indicate that with %1 increase in GDP government education expenditures increase in GDP to %3/79. With the increase of an unequal unit for income distribution (Gini coefficient) the ratio of government education expenditures to gross domestic product GDP increases by %8.58 per cent. This result could be evidence of the Validity of the theory between Milters And Richard (1981) in government education Spending. In the sense that possibly due to the political pressures on the government to redistribute revenue government education spending has increased as income inequality has increased. With the increase of one unit of human Capital (literacy rate) government education expenditures in gross national product GDP %14 percentage decrease. As the number of students increases by one million, the ratio of government education expenditures to gross domestic product (GDP) increases by % 6/75 Per cent. With a one percent increase in the Democracy Index, government education expenditures increase by 0.11 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). With the increase of one unit of human capital (literacy rate), government education expenditures in gross domestic product (GDP) 0/014 The percentage decreases.