نشریه گیاه پزشکی کاربردی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، اسفند 1395)

Phytophthora stem and root rot of tomato, Phytophthora parasitica L., is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of tomato. This disease has been spreading in greenhouses located in east-south of Tehran province (Varamin) through the last decade. The disease control by fungicides has not been successful; In spite of success of biological control or using resistant varieties to reduce disease, it seems that studying and application of natural compounds especially plant essences including a wide range of secondary metabolites can not only reduce disease but also it has beneficial effects on the environment. In this case study, efficacy of eight plants including thyme, cumin, savory, pennyroyal, mint, tarragon, ajwain and fennel with Ridomil-mancozeb fungicide as control were evaluated on colony growth rate and inhibitory growth of causal agent in five concentrations of 60,120,180, 240 and 300 ppm on PDA medium based on completely randomized block design in vitro conditions. Greenhouse experiments were carried out with ten treatments including successful essences of thyme, pennyroyal and fennel at 0.2 and 0.3 with Ridomil-mancozeb fungicide at 1 and 1.5 ppm and check and control infected with P. parasitica in completely randomized block design in four replications. Essences and fungicide were added into root substrate of tomato seedlings in two leaves stage. Recording disease severity percentage was performed according to Quesada-Ocampo and Hausbeck scale, four weeks after inoculation. Essences with highest inhibitory growth percentage in laboratory were respectively thyme (79.28%), pennyroyal (72.85%), cumin (69.95%), mint (60.70%), tarragon (60.70%) and ajwain (60%) and thyme and pennyroyal essence by concentration of 180 ppm showed minimum inhibitory concentration, EC50 of mycelial growth. Results of variance analysis in greenhouse demonstrated that all treatments were significantly different at 1% confidence level. Mean comparisons by Duncan multiple range test showed that thyme essence respectively with disease severity index of 1.65 and 1.31 were classified statistically in e, d that were the closest index with fungicide treatments of Ridomil-mancozeb and cheek (18% DSI) and it has been proved the best efficacy on disease reduction.

The current major challenge is how to make the world’s population in year 2050 reaches 9 billion saved from hunger? Along with recourse can strain’s. The price of food and protein has also increased and it causes a large number of people every day in the world to fall below the poverty line. Now this question arises to over count the problem of hunger of the earth’s population what the other sources are? Here the use of insect potential as a food and feed for humans and livestock and poultry can be a good solution for solving the global feed crisis and starvation. This research is a brief review of the history of edible insects in Iran and the world, nutritional value of insects, humans of food insects in worldwide and introducing some important species of insects and also challenges and opportunities ahead, and benefits and disadvantages of using insects as food.

Jasmine whitefly Aleuroclava jasmini, is an economic serious pest with high level of yield damage in citrus orchards which is mainly controlled by chemical methods. Planting the resistant plants could be a very helpful replacement method for chemical control which neither has the negative impact of the chemical control on environment, nor impacts on the other controlling methods. Olive trees belonging to Oleaceae and as a very important host for the whitefly species has been selected in this experiment. Oviposition rate of the female jasmine whiteflies were counted daily on two main olive varieties, Yellow and Manzanila, under 27±2 °c, RH=60±5% and photoperiod of 16L:8D. The results showed that higher oviposition rate on Manzanila proved that it would be a more suitable host for jasmine host. The obtained results would be applied in jasmine whitefly management programs in Tehran city.

Today, with the Advance statistical techniques and neural networks, predictive models of distribution was rapidly developed in Ecology. Purpose of this study was predict and Mapping distribution of Bemisia tabaci G. using MLP neural networks combined with Particle Swarm Optimization in surface of cucumber field. Population data of pest was obtained in 2017 by sampling in 100 fixed points in a fallow field in Ramhormoz, to evaluate the ability of neural networks combined with Particle Swarm Optimization to predict the distribution used statistical comparison parameters such as mean, variance, statistical distribution and coefficient determination of linear regression among predicted values and actual values. Results showed that in training and test phases of neural network combined Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, was no significant effect between variance, mean and statistical distribution of actual values and predicted values. Our map showed that patchy pest distribution offers large potential for using site-specific pest control on this field.

Flies of the family Sciomyzidae are feeding mostly as predators or parasitioids on terrestrial and freshwater molluscs and known as snail-killing flies. Because of their biology and feeding behavior they are very important biocontrol agent against terrestrial and freshwater molluscs that are of considerable economic importance because of their pest status in agriculture and also intermediate hosts for a number of serious parasitic diseases of man-schistosomes and liver flukes. Before this study 28 species of snail-killing flies have been recorded from Iran and no information was available on the fauna of Sciomyzidae of Taleghan region. During studies on snail-killing flies’ fauna in Taleghan region during 2009–2017, 10 species of 8 genera (Pherbellia cinerella, P. nana, Coremacera amoena, C. catenata, Dichaetophora obliterate, Euthycera stictica, Hydromya dorsalis, Psacadina verbekei, Sepedon sphegea, Trypetoptera punctulata) are found to occur in this region.

Tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Iran and also around the world. Magnetic fields can be considered as an environmental factor that can have a significant effect on the performance and growth of plants. The interaction between the magnetic field and the time of seed exposure in the field has been extremely effective in promoting plant growth characteristics. A similar phenomenon of resonance increases domestic seeds’ energy, if the right combination of magnetic field and the time of exposure are applied which would lead to higher yield level. North Pole causes higher plant growth and South Pole prevents it. In this study, a 3-D magnetizer X.Y.Z. device (such as a MRI medical device with non-hazardous wavelength) was applied to make tomato seeds and seedlings magnetic in varied treatments. Among the treatments, the best result was achieved by using the combination of immersed seeds in magnetized water 0.7M through the magnetic field 0.4mT for 60 minutes.